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A Houston resent, Affan Malik, was entified as the victim of a fatal car accent this weekend. Is he dead or alive? Read all the details about the episode in the sustain.
Affan Malik, a Houston, Texas resent who is described as a loving husband and outstanding father, died in a fatal car accent on Sunday.
His death news was announced by his family in a statement, in which they expressed their grief and sadness at the loss of their loved one.
After his death, many of his companions and colleagues used social media as a platform to express their plight and send thoughts and prayers to the Malik family.
What Happened To Affan Malik Houston?
Affan Malik was a Sugarland, Texas resent who died in a horrific car accent on Sunday February 5, 2022. It is confirmed that Malik sustained serious injuries in the accent that led to his death.
There is currently no further information on the circumstances of the accent, as the investigation is still ongoing.
Also, Malik was consered a remarkable person full of energy and made an unforgettable impression on everyone’s life. Similarly, he is described as the best husband and father who was funny, kind, and a generous soul.
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Car Accent Details: Is Affan Malik Dead Or Alive?
Unfortunately, Affan Malik passed away; His death was so unexpected and sudden. Malik reportedly died on February 5, 2022 from a tragic car accent.
However, no details about the crash have been revealed in online media at the time of writing. After his death, a GoFundMe page was created.
The fundraising page was created to raise funds to help his wife raise their child the way Malik wanted. Similarly, the campaign will also help his wife keep the house he built for his family and meet the financial demands at this terrible time.
What Was Affan Malik’s Age?
Affan Malik died in a tragic car accent between the ages of 30 and 35. However, the number below is only a guess as the official details on his dates of birth are not yet known.
Likewise, he is believed to be of Muslim background and adheres to Islam as his religion.
Details On Affan Malik Wife And Family
According to the Twitter post, Affan Malik was married to his wife Maliha Khan. Scrolling down on his facebook page, Malik could have been married for a few years e.g. B. for 4 years.
Similarly, the duo actually shared a son who is believed to be 3 years old. Apart from that nothing more about his family as well as his family could be supported at the time of writing.
Police unable to make contact with mother of baby found alone at SW Houston apartment
Images related to the topicPolice unable to make contact with mother of baby found alone at SW Houston apartment
See some more details on the topic Affan Malik Car Accident Houston Is He Dead Or Alive Obituary And Wife Details here:
A resident of Houston, Affan Malik, was identified as the victim of a …
Is He Dead Or Alive? Obituary And Wife Details. A resent of Houston, Affan Malik, was entified as the victim of a fatal car crash this weekend.
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Date Published: 12/2/2022
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Affan Malik Car Accident – Death: Affan Malik Obituary, Dead
Affan Malik Dead: It is with great sadness to announce the passing of Affan Malik. We are made to know about this on February 6, 2022.
Source: linkuppuppies.com
Date Published: 12/6/2022
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EXCLUSIVE: Wife of Richmond man killed selling car … – ABC13
Houston police sa Altaf Hussain Malik, 43, was found at an apartment complex on Truxillo in Third Ward on December 7. Investigators sa his …
Source: abc13.com
Date Published: 9/6/2022
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T.J. Powers Net Worth, Income, Salary, Earnings, Biography – ZIO.org
Teresa Jean Gordanier was given the name T.J. Powers when she was born on May 3, 1958, … Affan Malik Car Accent Houston: Is He Dead Or Alive? Obituary …
Source: wiki.zio.org
Date Published: 2/19/2021
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Affan Malik Car Accident – Death Affan Malik Obituary, Dead
Affan Malik Dead: It is very sad to announce the passing of Affan Malik. Let us know about it on February 6, 2022.
We mourn with Affan Malik’s family for this great loss. Please accept our sincere condolences. Please leave a tribute and your messages of condolence below to honor the passing of our loved one.
Cause of Death
Affan Malik cause of death was not made public. We pray that God will give those grieving this death the strength and courage to continue. Losing a loved one is one of the hardest feelings in the world. Our thoughts and prayers are with everyone who is going through a difficult time because of this.
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Friends, Family and loved ones are deeply saddened and currently grieving as the news of Affan Malik’s death is made public.
Although our words can do little, we hope our thoughts and prayers will lift you up at this time and always as you grieve, the passing soul.
May you find comfort in knowing that life goes on forever in heaven even though the memories shared live forever in our hearts.
Obitwaryo | Funeral Arrangements | GoFundMe page
So far, we are not sure if a GoFundMe account was created on behalf of the deceased, to fund funeral arrangements or made on behalf of the family.
Although funeral arrangements have not yet been announced, it is not to say that the family is facing a devastating loss and could use your support. On behalf of the family, we ask for your prayers, love, and support during this very difficult and painful time for them.
If there is any GoFundMe page created or any information you think we should know, please use the comment section or contact us, using our contact us page.
Small activities such as salutations and prayers can help the family recover from their loss and remind them that the world still loves them.
This post will be updated with more information as they are made available and public.
EXCLUSIVE Wife of Richmond man killed selling car felt something was wrong
EMBED> More News Videos The family reacted to the man killed while trying to sell his car.
RICHMOND, Texas (KTRK) – Police have confirmed that a man and a teenage girl have been charged with the fatal stabbing of a Richmond father of four. Authorities said Terrell Funches, 20, and a 15-year-old woman were both arrested and charged with capital murder. Houston police say Altaf Hussain Malik, 43, was found in an apartment complex in Truxillo in the Third Ward on Dec. 7. Investigators said his body was covered in garbage bags near a dumpster. Malik’s wife said someone expressed interest about buying a 2009 Audi A8 that the family sold on Dec. 5. “Surprising when you see someone 15 years old, how can you do that thing? Surprising. Unimaginable. , “said Quratulain Malik, wife of Altaf Malik. Quratulain Malik told Witness News that his wife finished dinner and hurried out to show the vehicle to interested buyers. On December 6, Malik’s family contacted the authorities to report Malik missing. A resident carrying trash to their dumpster discovered the corpse of a man covered in trash cans next to t he dumpster. Officers and paramedics arrived and determined the man was Malik. Investigators tracked down the suspects using the LetGo app the victim used in selling his vehicle. police “on their phones. Malik has four children. His wife said many nights were restless because they knew the suspects were still there but now they have peace of mind.” It’s been restless nights but now I’m in a little bit of peace cause and at least they got them, “said Quratualin Malik. No bond information has been released on the suspects yet. The family has set up a GoFundMe account to help with the family’s ongoing needs. .
Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas
Arab Muslim military general (c.595-c.674)
Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas (Arabic: سعد ابن أبي وقاص, romanized: Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqās) [1] was an Arab Muslim military general in the service of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr. (r. 632–634). ) and Umar (r. 634–644). He played the leading role in the Muslim conquest of Persia against the Sasanian Empire in 636–642. He founded the garrison city of Kufa and served as its governor from 638–642. [2]
An archer of the aristocratic Zuhra clan of Quraysh, Sa’d embraced Islam in c. 611 and served as a personal bodyguard of Muhammad. The latter appointed Sa’d to scout the Mushrikun at the Battle of Badr c. 624 and the archer regiment at the Battle of Uhud in c. 625. Following Muhammad’s death in June 632, Sa’d became a close assistant to Abu Bakr and performed some minor duties in the Ridda Wars under the last caliph.
Sa’d led the general command at the Battle of al-Qadisiyya in c. 636 and the Siege of Ctesiphon in c. 637. After successfully conquering Ctesiphon, Sa’d established the city of Kufa as the administrative center and military base of operations against the Sasanians. During his governorship of Kufa, he initiated Sasanian campaigns in the southwestern province of Khuzestan. Umar removed Sa’d as governor for reports of alleged misconduct in Kufa. During the caliphate of Uthman (r. 644–656), Sa’d retired from military campaigns and remained in Medina. In the First Muslim Civil War, Sa’d remained neutral and did not support Uthman’s successor Ali (r. 656–661) or Mu’awiya, the governor of Syria.
The Sunni Muslim historians and scholars who wrote his biography regarded Sa’d as the honored saint of Islam because of his association with Muhammad, including as The ten to whom Paradise was promised, and his participation in the battle with Badr, whose participants are collectively regarded as saints by scholars. [3] [4]> [5]
History [edit]
Sa’d was one of the first to embrace Islam. [6] Saʿd was the seventh independent adult male to embrace Islam in history, which he did at the age of seventeen. [7] He was seventeen years old when he accepted Islam, although Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr reports that Sa’d embraced Islam at the age of nineteen. [8] Ibn Ishaq said that Sa’d, along with Uthman, Talha, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf were invited by Abu Bakr to Islam. [9] Sa’d’s mother was opposed to her son’s conversion to Islam, and she threatened Sa’d with a hunger strike until he left Islam, although Sa’d did not listen to his mother’s threat and remained in his new faith. His mother finally surrendered because of Sa’d’s steadfastness in Islam, so historians report that, Muhammad told Sa’d that God praised his steadfastness in his faith, while on the other hand Sa’d was also advised to be calm with his mother. , as Filial piety, is also one of the most concerned issues in Islam. [4] [10] one of Sa’d’s brothers, Amir, also embraced Islam, which prompted their mother to undergo another act of hunger strike, which was in vain, as Amir was also steadfast in his conversion. in Islam. [4] In his daily life as a new convert to Islam in Mecca, Sa’d and other Muslims were persecuted by his own tribe, the Quraysh who one day provoked Sa’d a violent reaction. . [11] According to chroniclers, In 614, Muslims were on their way to the hills of Mecca to offer prayers with Muhammad, when a group of polytheists observed them. They began to abuse them. [6] [12] The next stage of this accident involving Sa’d began to defeat one of them until one of the polytheist Quraysh was wounded. [10] [13] Muslim scholars and authors of the Prophetic biography celebrate this accident as “First blood in the way of Islam”. [10] [6] [12] The other notable accident in his life in Mecca was when Sa’d became seriously ill, to the point that he would die.Sa’d then announced his intention to give all his wealth for charity, however, Muhammad told him that he was not allowed to leave his heirs without any property, so that his heirs would not have a problem in their lives, if Sa’d had actually passed away. [Notes 1] However, Sa’d recovered from this serious illness. [10]
Ibn Hajar narrated in his Fath al-Bari about a hadith from Bukhari that Al-Baraʼ ibn ʽAzib witnessed Sa’d move to Medina before Muhammad with Ibn Umm Maktum and Mus’ab ibn Umayr. [14 ] he continued to practice Islam for the rest of his life in Mecca with Muhammad and other followers. [10]
Early life in Medina
When Sa’d and his brothers arrived in Medina, they immediately pledged his allegiance to Muhammad during the declaration of the Constitution of Medina and since then, he and the other Meccan migrants have been considered Muhajirun while the locals living in Medina were declared as Ansar (Islam). ) .From this point on, Sa’d was involved in most of the military operations launched by Muslim Medina, as now Medina was formally at war with the Meccan Quraysh. Sa’d’s first operation after his arrival in Medina took place nine months after the migration, to Kharrar, an area located between Al-Juhfa and Makkah, where Sa’d was assigned to lead 20 men with Islam white standard flag carried by Miqdad ibn Aswad to raid a Quraysh caravan passing through Kharrar. However, this expedition failed when the caravan died and Sa’d realized that the caravan had escaped. [15]
During the minor operation with the small reconnaissance group under Ubaydah ibn al-Harith towards Rabigh, shortly before the battle of Badr, where this group caught the attention of the opposing forces. Qurayshite warriors who immediately chased after them. [5] Sa’d and his group immediately run away, while Sa’d, standing behind his companions, makes a Parthian shot, a hit-and-run technique of mounted archery that shot back, while Sa’d was riding on his mount retreat. [5] As a skilled marksmen, Sa’d was able to kill several pursuers until they all surrendered to the chase. It was recorded that as the Ubaydah group returned to the Muslim camp unscathed, Sa’d boasted himself for his action allowing the group of Muslim scouts to return safely and safely. [5]
Battle of Badr [edit]
During the march to the battle of Badr, Muhammad sent Sa’d, Ali ibn Abi Talib, and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam to monitor the enemy’s movements, [3] because the Muslim army marching from Medina was originally intended to capture the caravan. by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, who brought a lot of wealth, instead of confronting the main forces of the Meccan Quraysh under Abu Jahl ibn Hisham.
O Allah! Make his arrows hit the target and make his prayers acceptable! Prophet Muhammad’s prayer for Sa’d during the battle of Badr [4]
According to some accounts, Sa’d’s first victory in archery took place at the Battle of Badr, about the year 2 AH [13] [10] In this battle, Sa’d served as an archer while the Muslims form the Phalanx formation. [4] In the middle of the battle he prays to God that his arrow will hit the enemy while wielding his bow meanwhile, Muhammad also personally asks God to grant Sa ‘requests. d. caused unrest for polytheist forces during the Badr period. [Notes 3] in the last stage of the battle, Abdullah ibn Masud testified that Sa’d also joined the close battle as fewer Muslims began to show high hand. Sa’d personally killed a Qurayshite champion Sa’id ibn al-As, and brought the precious Qurayshite sword named Dhu al-Kutifah (ذا الكُتَيفَة) to Prophet Muhammad as a prize in war. [16] Moreover, it was also reported that Sa’d personally captured two captives of the Quraysh soldiers in this battle. [16] [17]
Instead of this battle, end -time historians call Sa’d the “first Muslim archer”.[4] In this battle, Sa’d’s younger brother, Umayr also participated although Umayr was rejected by Muhammad in the fight while he was still a teenager. However, Muhammad finally gave him permission to fight the battle as he insisted on being brought into battle. However, Umayr was killed in this battle despite the Muslims achieving a decisive victory. [16]
Protecting the Prophet in Uhud
According to tradition recorded by the judge of al-Rayn Saudi Arabia, Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdurrahman al-Shithri, Sa’d spoke with his close friend, Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh, the night before the Battle of Uhud wished he could kill the strongest warrior of the Quraysh for open battle, while Ibn Jahsh demanded that he be killed, so that he could achieve martyrdom in yesterday’s battle. [17] Sa’d testified that Ibn Jahsh had actually fallen during the battle of Uhud yesterday. [10]
In the battle of Uhud, Sa’d served as an archer regiment. However, as the Muslim army was leading, they were suddenly defeated by the mobile maneuver of Khalid ibn al-Walid, the Muslim forces scattered around, and Prophet Muhammad withdrew from the army of the Muslims except Sa’d. , a Muhajirun warrior named Talha, Medinese swordsmen named Abu Dujana, and about six or seven Ansari soldiers. [10] The group was surrounded by enemy knights under Khalid as Talha, Abu Dujana and other Muslim warriors formed a close defensive formation as Sa’d fired his arrows at Muhammad’s side, while the prophet himself was injured in his shoulder. [10] The more numerous and surrounding Muslims fought until most of them were killed, except Muhammad, Talhah, Abu Dujana, and Sa’d himself, who in turn took his bow and tried to help his companions in his archery, despite the fact that it is in close combat. [10] [Notes 4] [Notes 5] While Sa’d used multiple arrows simultaneously in such a dire situation and spread his arrows towards the enemies around them, [5] Utba! If I catch you, I will shed your blood like the water that Sa’d threatened his own brother, Utbah, who wounded Prophet Muhammad during the battle. [4]
Realizing how Sa’d affects the enemies, Muhammad personally gathers arrows for Sa’d and stands beside him, while Sa’d continues to fire fire and allow the desperate surrounding Muslims including Muhammad found a momentum to break away from the siege and retreat to the main army. [10] [5] When they escaped the grim situation, Muhammad personally praised Sa’d for his actions. [10] [Notes 6]
Later, after Muhammad personally killed one of the remaining enemies chasing his spear, [10] Sa’d is said to have sworn to kill his own brother, Utbah ibn Abi Waqqas, who was fighting on the side. of the enemy, as in particular during this siege, Utbah was one of the culprits who assaulted Muhammad during the siege. [20] Talha and Abu Dujana suffered the most severe wounds during the siege, although they survived. [10]
After Uhud to Ridda wars [edit]
Along with other strong men such as Abu Bakr, Sa’d ibn Mu’adh, Dzakwan ibn al-Qays, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Bilal ibn Rabah, Abbad ibn Bishr, and Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, [21] [22]] Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas also enlisted in the squad of Muhammad’s Haras (personal bodyguard) unit. [5] [10] [21] [22] When Muhammad and Aisha participated in the military expedition, Sa’d guarded their personal tent at night. [10] [5] [17]
During the first The First Voyage, Sa’d became one of the most important members of the Medina Muslim political sphere and religious community for the rest of his life after he participated in the Pledge of the Tree, [10] [Notes 7] as the Participate is collectively attributed to the revelation of the Qur’an Sura Al-Fath, verse 18 | Quran 48:18 (Translated by Shakir). [10] [24] Simultaneously with the Pledge of the tree, Sa’d also witnessed the ratification of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ending a ten-year ceasefire of non-aggression ceasefire between the alliances of Medina and the alliances of Mecca.[3] Up to the Tabuk Expedition, Sa’d is recorded to have participated in all the battles under Muhammad, including the Battle of the Trench, the Expedition of al-Muraysi ‘, Siege of the forts of Khaybar, Conquest of Mecca , battles in the Hunayn valley, battles in the Awtas valley, and the Siege of Ta’if. [10] [5] [4] Sa’d fell ill on the Farewell Pilgrimage, and he only had a daughter at this time, Sa’d intended to give all his wealth for charity, only for Muhammad to forbid it as Muhammad’s reminder to Sa ‘ d not to leave his heirs without anything. . [Notes 8] Al-Bajrey saw different opinions about this accident, whether it happened earlier during Sa’d in Mecca, [5] or during Muhammad’s last journey.
Later, In the wake of the ascension of Abu Bakr as the first Caliph after the death of Muhammad, great apostate rebellions broke out throughout the Arabian Peninsula at once. Abu Bakr set out his first step by sending almost all of his elite forces under Usama ibn Zayd to silence the northern border, while Abu Bakr gathered the rest of the army, including Sa’d ibn Abi. Waqqas, To join the rebel invaders led by Tulayha in the Battle of Zhu Qissa [25] However, Ibn al-Jawzi and Nur ad-Din al-Halabi record that Sa’d was instead followed on the Expedition of Bin Zayd was accompanied by Umar, Sa’id ibn Zayd, Abu Ubayda ibn al -Jarrah, and Qatada ibn al -Nu’man during this period. [26] [27] Then, after the rebels attacking Medina were routed, Sa’d joined the army ordered by Abu Bakar to march towards the city of Dumat al-Jandal and crush some Bedouin rebel tribes there. [3]
Battle of al-Qadisiyyah [edit]
Location of the Battle of Qadisiyyah
In 636, after the ascension of Umar ibn al-Khattab as second Caliph, Umar sent Sa’d to lead a delegation to Iraq to assist Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi in the Muslim conquest of Persia. [ 28] Al-Basamah said that Umar gathered exactly 12,000 soldiers in Medina for under Sa’d. [Notes 9] However, before Sa’d’s army sent from Medina, a message came from the Iraqi front, that Abu Ubayd had been killed in action. during the Battle of the Bridge and Iraqi soldiers were forced to retreat to southwestern Iraq. [28] This development caused Umar to change his plan, as the Caliph ordered Sa’d to march on Iraq with 6,000 soldiers, while also bringing new caliphate instructions to Rashidun’s troops in Iraq. to combine the forces of Sa’d with the forces of Arfajah who brought 400 to 700 Azd cavalry, [30] Jarir ibd Abdullah of al-Bajali and Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha of the Shayban tribe, as those three commanders were just after defeating the Sassanid vanguard at the battle of Buwaib, [25] Umar further ordered to appoint Sa’d as general commander and the other three under his command, then Sa’d reorganized the entire army as Arfajah was then placed under the flag of al Mughira ibn Shu’bah, whose total group was about 1,500-1,800 soldiers. [30] Sa’d strangled every part of the Rashidun soldiers left in Iraq during his marches, up to he could collect 30,000 soldiers. [10] According to al-Basalamah, as Rostam Farrokhzad, the Persian commander who led the massive army to confront the caliphate, deliberately marched slowly as a strategy to pull the time so that Sa’d’s army would gradually lose patience. on time and be insulted to act. one. [10] However, al-Muthanna advised Sa’d for the army to move around the Iraqi desert and not to move their army too deep into Persian territory, which Sa’d agreed to follow, as he ordered. his army moved according to al- Muthanna’s Advice. [31]
The second specific instruction from Sa’d was the daily regular communication with the central government in Medina, as Sa’d was keen to write any progress, large and insignificant, and sent at least two messengers daily, who will carry his message and also bring further instruction.from caliph Umar, to whom the Caliph responded by forbidding Sa’d from preemptive attack to engage as long as their opponent did not first respond, [10] [31] Thus, advice from al Muthanna and direct instruction from to the Caliph Rostam rendered the plan useless. [10]
Pre -battle activities [edit]
Sa’d also struggles with the psychological sending of series of enemy emissaries to taunt Rostam, [Notes 10] [33] [10] [31] while also buying time as he receives additional reinforcements that sent by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, who had just won the battle of Yarmuk, led by al-Qa’qa ‘ibn Amr al-Tamimi. [10]
The first envoy was Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi, brother of al-Qa’qa, who was humiliated by Rostam who gave Asim the gift of a basket full of earth, to which Asim responded with the sarcastic comment that the Persian “was agreed to give. their lands to the Muslims “, before returning to the Muslim army to report. [31] Sa’d then sent the next envoy, al-Mughira, who pushed Rostam with three options to embrace Islam, surrender peacefully, or meet on the battlefield. [31] Al-Mughira also tries to arouse Rostam by turning the sword given to him as a gift. [34] which Rostam responded to to give them time to think. [10] for the last envoy, instead of sending another noble or high -ranking Arab clan, instead, Sa’d intended to send Rib’i ibn Amir, a fierce Bedouin ruler with no respect. Rib’i, who arrived at Rostam’s tent with a rugged, unkempt, and unassuming personality, was intended by Sa’d to impress the Persians, [10] when Rib’i entered Rostam’s room without being parked. his from and instead entered by carrying. with his mule, carrying the dirt on the tent carpet and shocked the entire tent of the Rostam court of generals, ladies, and bodyguard, before speaking a simple message of three choices between embracing Islam, paying Jizya to the caliphate, or war. Rib’i then made a simple threat that his superiors would only give Rostam three days to think before leaving Rostam’s encampment and returning to Sa’d. [10] Sending Rib’i had the immediate effect Sa’d desired from the beginning, as Rib’i’s behavior caused Rostam to lose patience and immediately organized his entire army for battle. [10] [34] According to Latham in his work, Saracen archery, Muslim archers in ancient times had two types of arrows, the first being shorter darts called Nabl and Nushshab, which were shot using either a crossbow or a bow fitted. of the bow guide, while the second type is longer. arrows to fire with the standard handbow. [35]
As Rostam’s army marched towards the battlefield, Sa’d sent a dozen cavalry scouts, pretending to be local Iraqis and with fluent Iraqi accents, led by Tulayha and Amr ibn Ma’adi Yakrib to ride. deeply within the Sassanid territories to the outskirts of Madain to gather knowledge about Rostam’s forces. [31] [10] [36] After a two-day journey, the scouts saw the first wave that they were vanguard of the Rostam army which they estimated was about 70,000, to which Tulayha and Ibn Ma’adi then sent the scouts to report their establishment. to Sa’d, while Tulayha and Ibn Ma’adi continued to gather intel on their own. [10] Tulayha and Ibn Ma’adi then traced the second and third waves which they believed to be a center and rear of the army, numbering 100,000 and 70,000 respectively. [10] Records from medieval chronicles report that Ibn Ma’adi urged Tulayha to return because they had already accomplished their mission to see the enemy army, to which Tulayha replied to wait another day, while Tulayha prompted a man to attack at night, as he managed to infiltrate inside the rear camp where the Rostam tent was located. [10] [34] Recorded that Tulayha had infiltrated the Sassanid camps under cover of darkness, Tulayha cut the ropes of the army tents behind the Sassanid while carrying torches to light a fire inside the camp.[10] Then, Tulayha alone created havoc in their camps, killing two Sassanid soldiers, While the confused Sassanid army fell into chaos, took the two horses and then took a captive to Sa ‘d ibn abi Waqqas [37] [Notes 11]. [40] The horses, according to Tulayha himself, belonged to Rostam. [10] [34] Then, when Tulayha returned to Ibn Ma’adi who was waiting for him outside the camp, they immediately retreated with the stolen horse to report to Sa’d about the number of enemy forces consisting of 240,000, completing the earlier reports by scouts. [10] ] [34]
The main battle at Qadisiyyah was preceded by a small engagement against a section of the Sassanids at Uzaib, in which Sa’d prevailed in this minor engagement. [41]
The battle [edit]
Battle of Qadisiyyah stage every day
Sa’d prepared his long training and received the finally arrived reinforcements from al-Qa’qa reinforcements from the Levant, which strengthened his Sa’d army to 36,000. [10] [34] According to al-Basalamah Sa’d organized his army in the variation of the usual caliphate military formation of the “Five division system”, [10] or also known as Nizam al-Khamis, [42] Which appeared in one of Eduard Alofs possibly kind of formed the caliphate of war. [43]
On Thursday 13 Sha’ban 15 AH (November 16, 636), while both sides were preparing for the encounter, Sa’d gave instructions for each soldier who ordered him to respond to Takbir as a signal to battlefield, while also instructing his soldiers to perform an obligatory prayer in the middle of the day, and also instructing each Qāriʾ to recite the verses of Al-Anfal continuously during the battle to maintain the morale of his soldiers. [10] [44] [31] Al-Basamah specified that the formation used by Sa’d was the wider and thinner range of the formation divided into six divisions consisting of a center on the edge of two regular infantry divisions each of which was on the left wing and right wing of the regular cavalry, supported by the rear. guard (Muqadimah) with non-detailed duties, [10] Although, according to John Walter Jandora in his study of the reconstruction of Yarmouk, this rear was often filled with camelier corps or Rukban (ركبان) who forming lines of camels, as heavy and large as animals. enough paintings to increase the Charging momentum of elite heavy enemy cavalry such as the Byzantine Cataphract or Sassanid Aswaran, compared to when they were charging against infantry, [45] while the bad habit of camels when harassed and their stench usually stops most of them like their usual horses. they lose their nerves in their paths. [46] [45] However, al-Basamah’s composition of the field commanders (Amir) is similar to Abdur Razaq as-San’ani and Al-Lalika’i [id] versions: [47]
Taliba (center): Zahra ibn al-Hawiyah.
(center): Zahra ibn al-Hawiyah. Right in the middle: Abdullah ibn Al-Mu’tam (the first days), Shurahbil ibn Al-Samt (the Day of Qadisiyah)
: Abdullah ibn Al-Mu’tam (early days), Shurahbil ibn Al-Samt (the Day of Qadisiyah) Left center: Shurahbil ibn Al-Samt (early days), Hashim ibn Utba (the Day of Al-Qadisiyah)
: Shurahbil ibn Al-Samt (the first days), Hashim ibn Utba (the Day of Al-Qadisiyah) Back: Salamah ibn Harim (the first days), Al-Mughirah ibn Shu’bah (the Day of Al-Qadisiyah) )
: Salamah ibn Harim (early days), Al-Mughirah ibn Shu’bah (the Day of Al-Qadisiyah) Left and right wings (cavalry): Al-Mughirah ibn Shu’bah (early days), Qays ibn Al- Makshih (the day of Qadisiyah)
While Sa’d himself, suffering from severe Hemorrhoids, [5] or pox [33] during the battle, appointed Khalid ibn Urfuta as his representative to the general commander in the field. [48] Sa’d positioned himself in a tent on the highest hill near the battlefield, so that he could oversee the entire progress of the battle, while also preparing a system of chains of messengers who would deliver any instructions. from him to Khalid ibn Urfuta in a flash.[10] Sa’d then assigned his six divisions to the broad formation, [Notes 12] Thus, according to Sa’d al-Ubaisi in his reconstruction journal of the Diriyah of the reconstruction of the battle of Qadisiyyah from History of the Prophets and Kings material by Al-Tabari, the battle stage is separated into four days: [49]
First day, the day of Armath [33] Asim ibn ‘Amr led the first encounter with Ibn Ma’adi and the Hawazin tribe under Rabi’ah ibn Uthman and they fought for a long time, Then sent by Sassanid had their heavy troops and the elephants to cause confusion among the Muslims, so Asim was rebuked by Sa’d who was in charge of the battlefield from his tent to hold the elephants. [49] Asim then responded by sending his personal suicide squad, which according to Al-Qurtubi, a 13th-century Hanbali scholar, had prepared and trained days before this battle in a special anti-elephant military drill that consists of maneuvering their horses near the large wooden elephant doll. [50] This commando cavalry is aimed for alpha male elephants, identified by the Muslim army by the brighter skin of the animal than other elephants and the behavior within the battlefield that other the elephant seemed to be ahead of the other elephants. [49] [Notes 13] By the end of the day, there were no elephants left and the left side of the Muslims was able to resist the invasion of the heavy Persian knights. [ 49] 2nd day, the day of Agwath [33] On the second day of Friday, August 14, (November 17), Muslims acted and fought the long deadlock as they tried to move the corpses of their slain comrades to bury, then suddenly al- Qa’qa ibn Amr, brother of Asim and right hand of Khalid ibn al-Walid, came to the battlefield and immediately rushed with his men to enter the brigade of Bahman Jaduya, The Sassanid right-wing commander, before killing the said commander, left the Sassanid right leaderless for moments. [49] Al-Qa’qa is said to be engaged in 30 personal conflicts on this day alone. [49] 3rd day, the day of Imash [33] The elephants returned to the battlefield on this day and the situation became dire again for the Muslims, prompting Sa’d to send immediate message from his tent for available forces to focus on the elephants. [49] This time, according to Waqidi, al-Qa’qa took the initiative and formed an emergency ad hoc company consisting of his regular cavalry from Banu Tamim, camelier corps, archers and spear men to kill the entire Sassanid elephant corps. [10] [52] and do not make rooms for them, as the spears form spear walls in front of the elephants. [10] the battle intensifies with violence as camels and horsemen cut off the elephant’s trunks, the spears laid down their lives by blinding the elephant with their spears, while the archers rained down on the elephant riders. [52] [Notes 14] According to Ibn Kathir, the main Muslim figures today involved in the killing of elephants are al-Qa’qa, Tulayha, Ibn Ma’adi, Dhiraar ibn Azwar, Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali, and Khalid ibn Urfuthah. [33] This day ended with the elephant corps being destroyed without being repaired, as most of them were killed along with their occupants, while many fled backwards unstoppable, trampling on their own comrades and causing massive casualties in the Sassanid. meanwhile, the commander of the elephant corps, Jalinus, who had fled the battlefield was also killed when after the Muslim forces had caught up, Sa’d sent a specific instruction from his tent to chase and kill Jalinus once and forever, because he wanted the elephants permanently neutralized. This command was responded to by a Tamim rider named Zahra ibn Hawiyah and-Tamimi to chase the elephant commander and kill him after catching his prey.[49] 4th day, the day of al-Qadisiyyah [33] Al-Qa`qa` planned to end the fierce fighting with the Muslims and Persians; so he proposed his plan to his superior, al Muthanna ibn Haritha, about leading a special unit to take advantage of the severity of the deadlock battle as he was charged and slipped into the small gap between the Sassanid lines and Rostam will be killed. [53] Rostam’s death shocked the entire Sassanid, prompting Sa’d to order a general attack on all Muslim soldiers. [49]
Multiple versions about how al-Qa’qa daredevil groups were able to kill Rostam are presented by Khalid Yahya Blankinship and Muhammad ibn Shamil:
There was a strong sandstorm facing the Persian army on the last day of the battle. Rostam lay next to a camel to shelter himself from the storm, while several weapons, such as axes, maces, and swords were loaded on the camel. [54] Hilāl ibn ʻUllafah accidentally broke the camel’s harness, unaware that Rostam was behind and under it. [54] The weapons fell on Rostam and broke his back leaving him almost dead and paralyzed. Hilal beheaded Rostam and shouted that he was the one who killed Rostam. [54]
Hilāl ibn `Ullafah accidentally broke the belt of the camel’s load, not knowing that Rostam was behind and under it. Arms fell on Rostam and broke his back leaving him almost dead and paralyzed. Hilal beheaded Rostam and shouted that he was the one who killed Rostam. the other less convincing version from Ya’qubi records that Dhiraar bin Al-Azwar, Tulayha, Amru bin Ma’adi Yakrib and Kurt bin Jammah al-Abdi discovered Rostam’s corpse. [55] [Notes 15]
While Ibn Kathir gave his version that the main character who oversaw the assassination of Rostam was Hilal ibn Ullafah at-Taymi. [33]
regardless of the versions, One of the most difficult moments occurred because now al-Qa’qa and its 3,000 Tamim cavalry were surrounded behind enemy lines, in conjunction with Sa’d’s instruction for general advance towards full force. Eventually, most of the Sassanid forces were destroyed as violence from the Muslim archers, far superior to the battlefield against the Sassanid archers, relentlessly engulfed the Sassanids. [49] While the casualties in the Sassanid had reached about 25,000, they were finally routed and fled towards the river Ateeq, where they were further killed by the pursuing knights of Tamim led by Zahra ibn Hawiyah./ > [Notes 16] [33]
As the backbone of the armed Sassanids was destroyed, the news spread wildly in Iraq, as many of the cities that had previously broken their allegiance to the caliphate, now surrendered again. [33] Sa’d immediately sent the news of this great victory to Medina, who responded with joy as the Caliph immediately gathered the people of Medina to announce Sa’d’s victory in his sermon. [33] Sayf ibn Umar specifically wrote of how the Arab tribe in Aden Abyan, Yemen, had full attention and concern about the development of the Qadisiyyah, because they were even the result of this battle that would affect Yemen. [33 ]
Crossing the Tigris and conquering Ctesiphon
Shortly after Sa’d announced the victory at the Qadisiyyah in Medina, [Notes 17] He ordered the whole force to march again, as Sa’d’s object now was to seize the Sassanid capital, Ctesiphon. Sa’d reorganized the army’s commands into forming five divisions, [57] and appointed Zuhra ibn Hawiyah as vanguard, to march first to the north, while he replaced Khalid ibn Arfatha with Hashim ibn Utbah, his nephew, as his representative and Khalid was instead appointed as rear guard commander. [33] When the vanguard reached Borsippa, Zuhra immediately defeated the remnants of the Sassanid army under Busbuhra at the Battle of the Burs. [33] Sa’d recognized a force of Firuzan, which was easily defeated by the caliphate’s army. [33] The caliphate force then marched again under Sa’d until they encountered another Sasanian resistance at Kutsa, Sawad.[33] The Sasanid were defeated after their leader, Syahriyar, was defeated in a duel against a Muslim soldier named Abu Nabatah Naim al-Raji, to whom Sa’d awarded Syahriyar’s crown and bracelets as gifts. spoils of war. [33]
Location of Bahurasīr (Veh-Ardashir Seleucia) on the west bank of the Tigris
After calming the town, Sa’d resumed the march until they calmed one of the Sassanid suburb capitals, Bahurashir. [33] Sa’d placed his army in this area and used it as a military headquarters, while he sent smaller companies to gather any intel. [33] However, these small groups did not encounter any of the fighting forces and brought 100,000 Dirhams which they took from the local farmers and urged Sa’d to inform the Caliph in Medina about his establishment. and conduct of his soldiers, to which Umar responded to forbid the abduction. and instead offer them to Islam or pay Jizya, which Sa’d did on Umar’s instructions by sending Salman the Persian to offer the locals those two options. [33] This was well responded to by the locals, with the exception of the citizens of Bahurashir, who offered them resistance behind their walls. [33] Sa’d then besieged Bahurashir and built 20 Trebuchets to suppress the town outside the city, which responded to the Bahurashir garrison to send aggression forces outside the wall to prevent the functioning of those 20 trebuchets. However, their efforts were rejected by Zuhrah ibn Hawiyah, despite Zuhra’s injuries in protecting those machines. [33] The siege lasted until the Bahurashir garrison suffered from food supplies and shortages, which caused them to leave Bahurashir and cross the Tigris river towards Al-Mada’in. [33] Upon learning that the garrison defenders had left, Sa’d entered the abandoned Bahurashir. [33] [58] At that time, the Tigris river was also under heavy water, and the crossing was without boats. was impossible for Rashidun’s forces, So Sa’d was forced to wait because they hoped that the high part of the river would pass later until they could. crossed the river without a boat. [33] [58] Sa’d then became frustrated when the locals informed him that Yazdegerd III would evacuate all the coffers of Mada’in towards Hulwan, so that night the desperate Sa’d was reported to have been praying fervently because for this reason. [33] [58] That morning, Sa’d changed his mind and decided to talk to the whole army that he was willing to take a risk because the whole force had to cross the river using their mountains despite the rising water, which, in Sa’d reasoned that they should immediately suppress Mada’in and deny Yazdegerd any opportunity to use his wealth in building another army. [33] [10] At first, they hesitated because the currents of the river were so fierce, however, because it was Sa’d who provoked them, (Someone says that Salman advised Sa’ad to order the army to march on water) they immediately complied, number one. one of them began to plunge into the river and carefully crossed the river, beginning with Asim ibn ‘Amr, then followed one by one, until either of them plunged into the river. [33] It was reported by Ibn Kathir, the [ersian Sassanids in the castle of al-Mada’in, shouted “Dhvana..diwana …” (crazy! They were mad!) Because they could not believe that Rasidun’s army was actually attempted to cross the rough river without a boat. [33] The Sassanids then attempted to block this crossing by sending their cavalry, though Asim easily drove them to the vanguard by ordering his archers to aim at the eyes of their horses, who caused the uncontrollable movement of the blinded horses and caused the Persians to leave their horses and run inward. feet. [33] As they ran, Asim promised most of his forces to cross the river to hunt and catch the running Persians. [33] Then the whole army descended into the river with nothing left, They walked on the water as if walking on the ground until the Rashidun army filled the two banks of the river.[33] By the time they reached the Sassanid capital, Sa’d had recovered from his illness which he had suffered since the battle of al-Qadisiyyah.
Treasure of Yazdegerd [edit]
Taq Kasra or Ctesiphon palace ruin, with arch in the middle, 1864
When the whole army landed, the horses shook in the water attached to their bodies. [33] Thereafter they immediately chased the Persian soldiers who fled to enter Madain. [34] [44] [10] But they saw no one and Yazdegerd had already evacuated his entire family and all the belongings that could have been salvaged as they left behind what they could not carry such as pets, clothes, household utensils, jugs, vases and things that could not be bought. oil. in their treasury of Kisra. [10] [33] It is recorded by Ibn Kathir that the caliphate’s army succeeded in securing the al-Mada’in treasury worth at least 3,000,000,000,000,000 dinars (approximately 810 trillion USD in modern exchange rates), of Camphor, and the palace rug measuring at least 100 meters in length. [10] The Muslims also found Yazdegerd’s crown and gown when they saw it in a sack loaded with a mulberry which was immediately confiscated by Zuhra, who immediately brought it to Sa’d. [33]
They then walked freely through the hallways and alleys until they found the palace abandoned. [33] Sa’d then sent Salman to preach Islam to the conquered megalopolis. [33] On the third day they went out of the palace and Sa’ad entered and occupied it and made it an Islamic Prayer Room In the month of Safar this year he gathered his troops to perform Friday prayers in the palace. Ibn Shamil said this was the first Friday prayer established in Iraq as Sa’d intended to live in this palace. [33] Sa’d then appointed ‘Amr ibn’ Amr al-Muzani to manage the spoils, and Salman to distribute the fifth spoils to the soldiers, and since the whole army consisted of mounted soldiers, both horses and camels, each soldier earned at least 12,000 Silver Dirhams. While others were sent to Medina with Bayir ibn al-Khasasiyah as the official who brought the mass of wealth to the capital of the Rashidun caliphate. [33]
When the wealth of the Persians reached Medina, caliph Umar immediately took Yazdegerd’s gold bracelet and gave it to Suraqa bin Malik, a tribe of Kinana from the Banu Midhlaj, according to a Hadith prophesied by Muhammad at the time of the migration of the Muslims from Mecca to Medina, Muhammad promised Suraqa, who at that time served as a hunter of the Meccan Quraysh, the bracelets of Yazdegerd if the latter would stop chasing them. [33] [10] Governor in Kufa [edit]
Sassanid Khuzestan, who invaded during Sa’d’s tenure in Iraq
Shortly after Sa’d’s conquest of al-Madain, one of the most important instructions Umar passed on was not to immediately advance in pursuit of the Sassanid forces who fled to the mountainous area, instead he ordered Sa’d to to first consolidate the occupied area as the priority. [41]
However, he heard the intelligence that the people of Mosul had gathered at Tikrit under a figure named al-Antioch. [33] Al-Antioch gathered several Byzantine armies as his allies, which included another man named Syaharijah and Arab Christian warriors from the tribes of Iyad, Taghlib, and an-Nimr. [33] Sa’d wrote a letter to Umar about this news to which Umar replied ordering him to assign the mission and select a troop of soldiers to launch a preemptive attack on Mosul. [59] The instruction from Umar was responded by Sa’d to immediately appoint Abdullah ibn Mu’tam as commander of the forces to attack Mosul, with Rib’i bin al-Afkal al-Inazi as the vanguard. [ 33] Sa’d further assigned Al-Harith ibn Hassan to the right wing, Furat ibn Hayyan to the left wing, while Hani ibn Qais, and Arfajah bin Harthama to the cavalry, where Arfajah was the first to reach Tikrit. [60 ] After they finished Tikrit, Ibn al-Mu’ta’m sent Rabi’i ibn al-Afkal and Arfajah to conquer Nineveh and Mosul, before word of the Byzantine spread under the defeat of Antiqa at Tikrit. [ 60] then both Arfajah and Ibn al Mu’ta’m succeeded in forcibly surrendering from the same city and both underwent the Jizya tribute. [61]Later, as Yazdegerd fled from Hulwan, he immediately gathered his troops and followers in every territory he passed until it had gathered over 100,000 soldiers and appointed Mihran as leader of this large army. [33 ] According to John Paul C. Nzomiwu, Yazdegerd raised this enormous army from Hulwan because he could not accept defeat at al-Qadisiyyah. [62] The Mihran army dug a large ditch around them as a defense and settled in that area with a large army, supplies and a lot of equipment. to pass Sa’ad immediately sent a letter to Umar about further instruction, who replied to the Caliph for Sa’d to remain in al-Mada’in and to appoint Hashim ibn Utbah as leader of the armies to attack the Jalula, Sa’ad immediately carried out these instructions and sent Hashim ibn Utbah to lead the Rashidun troops to join the Mihran forces in the battle of Jalula. [59] Al-Qa’qa was appointed as the vanguard, Malik ibn Si’r as the right wing, ‘Amr ibn Malik on the left, and’ Amr ibn Murrah al-Juhani as the rearguard. [33] The said composition of the total Rashidun troops sent to Jalula numbered 12,000 soldiers, consisting of veteran fighters from the Muhajirun and Ansar from the tribal leaders of the inner Arabs. [33] In this battle alone, the Muslims are also said to have been able to seize spoils in the form of treasures, weapons, gold and silver almost as much as the treasures they found in al-Madain, [Notes 18] There were also silverware and dishes on the spoils. [63] Meanwhile, Asad Q. Ahmed said it was larger than the spoils at Ctesiphon. [64]
After the operation at Jalula was over, Umar further delivered his next instruction to Sa’d for Hashim ibn Utbah to remain at Jalula, while al-Qa’qa had to continue the marches to pursue Yazdegerd. to Hulwan. [33] Al-Qa’qa then clashed against another Sassanid force in Hulwan named Kihran ar-Razi, who was personally killed by al-Qa’qa on the battlefield, while another Sassanid commander, Fairuzan, escaped. [33] As Yazdegerd raised additional resistance forces, Sa’d troops under Arfajah further pursued them, and sent a vanguard under the leadership of a warrior of the Tamim tribe named Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa’di. [ar] (known as Dhu al-Khuwaishirah and-Tamimi, the first Kharijites in history.) to confront them, Who graduated Hurqus was able to crush the Yazdegerd army under Hormuzan at Ahvaz (known as Hormizd-Ardashir in modern times. ). However, the massive spoils of war obtained after the battle of Jalula earlier had been a source of great trouble for Sa’d due to the baseless complaints received by the caliph about Sa’d’s unequal distribution of spoils from Jalula. [64] The complaint led the caliphate to recall Sa’d for interrogation, while the caliph ordered a major investigation to gather information about the accusation against Sa’d. [64]
Establishment of Kufa [edit]
Later, while Arab armies had settled in al-Mada’in for some point, Umar saw a report of many cases of his soldiers living in Iraq being plagued by disease. [33] The soldiers who reported to Umar then reported that Arab soldiers who fell ill in Iraq fell ill because “they were living in an area that was not suitable for camels”. [33] These words of the envoy from Iraq are believed by historians in recent times that the Arab army living in al-Mada’in fell ill because they were not used for the non-desert climate of al-Mada’in, which characterized by medieval chroniclers as highly urbanized megalopolitan with dense forest features. [33] This theory is also based on Umar’s responses who seemed to understand the problem well and sent Ammar ibn Yasir and Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman to Iraq to convey this instruction, while also assisting the generals in Iraq for the search for areas suitable for the negotiation of Arab armies. [33] According to instructions from Umar, Iraqi generals brought their forces to separate areas while transporting structural materials from Al-Mada ‘ in according to instructions from Ammar and Hudhayfah.[33] Utbah ibn Ghazwan and Arfajah went to the area to build the Amsar garrison in Basra, while Sa’d was about to find a new headquarters in Iraq for his army, so he moved to a location. to be referred to in the future as Kufa. [33] here, he brought and demolished the walls and military structures from al-Mada’in to build a new garrison city called Amsar [67] the new Amsar was formally called Jund al-Kufah was built by Sa ‘ d with features of seven divisions of the complex dressed up by Muslim soldiers who lived in that area permanently with their family Sa’d made Kufa as his permanent headquarters. [67]
Upon Sa’d’s settlement of the garrison city of Kufa, he ordered Hashim ibn Utbah to bring his forces to the Ahvaz, Manazir, and Tira rivers, [Notes 19] where he would face Hormuzan, a fugitive commander who survived the Battle of al. -Qadisiyyah. [33] Tabari reports that in 17 AH – some say in 16 AH – Hormuzan controlled some areas in those areas. [33] In addition, Utbah ibn Gahzwan also prepared his troops from Basra to assist Hashim’s forces who assigned Nu’man ibn Mas’ud and Nu’aim ibn Muqarrin, where they won the battle and forced Hormuzan. who fled from those areas. [33] Later, Yazdegerd gathered another army to attack the city of Basra, which Umar heard about. [33] The Caliph responded to write a letter to Sa’d at Kufa to the senhis armies in large numbers at Ahvaz under the command of Al-Nu’man ibn Muqrin, to deal with the threats led by Hormuzan. [33 ] Umar also mentioned that Sa’d should appoint Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Bajili, Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Humairi, Suwaid ibn al-Muqarrin, and Abdullah bin Dzi as-Sahmain for the positions of field commanders. [33] Umar also wrote another letter to Abu Musa al-Ash’ari who was assigned to Basra to send troops in large numbers to Ahvaz under the leadership of Sahl ibn Adi, and ordered him to include powerful warriors such as al -Bara ‘ibn Malik, Asim ibn’ Amr, Mujaz’ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi, Ka’b ibn Sur, Arfajah ibn Harthamah, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi, Abdurrahman ibn Sahl, al-Hushain ibn Ma’bad under the leadership by Abu Saburah ibn Abi Ruhm as general field commander of the army. [33] This army then successfully defeated the Sassanid army and occupied most of Khuzestan. [33]
Later, when Sa’d heard that Hormuzan had again assembled a group of Persian forces on the plains of Masabzan [fa], he immediately informed caliph Umar, who in turn sent an army led by Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab. , Al-Hudhayl Al-Asadi. , and Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi. [68] This force immediately contacted Hormuzan and successfully defeated the Persians at Masabzan, while capturing one of the Persian commanders. [68] Dhiraar was then placed in charge of the Masabzan area. [68]
Meanwhile, on the Levant front, while Abu Ubaydah and Khalid ibn al-Walid were besieging Emesa by a large Arab Christian army under the command of Heraclius, Umar immediately sent an immediate message to Kufa for help towards Emesa, Sa’d immediately sent al-Qa ‘qa and several thousand cavalry as reinforcements to the Levant. [33] Then as the crisis in the Levant subsided as the besieged in Emesa were driven out, Umar immediately sent a message for al-Qa’qa to return to Iraq. [33]
Removal command [edit]
In 638, Umar sent Muhammad ibn Maslamah to the newly established Amsar of Kufa, because he had heard of scandals involving Sa’d, who at the time served as governor of Kufa, had built a public fort next to his own house. The noise from the nearby market was so deafening that Saad built a locked gate in the fort, which prompted the Caliph to send Ibn Maslama to destroy the gate, which he did by burning it. [69] He refused all of Sa’d’s offers of hospitality, but was given a letter from Umar reminding him that the fort should be available to the public and suggesting that he move his house. Saad denied to Ibn Maslamah that he had made the alleged statements.Meanwhile, according to Asad Ahmed, the caliph also sent some intelligence service to investigate Sa’d’s behavior, such as a spy named Hashim ibn Walid ibn al-Mughira, to ask for any information about Sa’d. in Kufa, which resulted in espionage. seeking united support and positive impression from the residents of Kufa towards Sa’d, except the Bajila tribe, [64] and the Abs tribe. [64] [5]
A few years later, in 642 Ibn Maslamah sent again to investigate the further complaints of the people of Kufa to Sa’d. [13]: 242 Ibn Maslamah visited all the local mosques and heard all the public complaints. Almost everyone expressed satisfaction with Saad’s behavior as governor; but eventually there was the accusation that he did not lead the prayers correctly and spent too much time hunting. Ibn Maslamah brought Sa’d and his accusers back to Umar, who later proved Sa’d innocent while the accuser was only spreading rumors, although Umar continued to replace Sa’d. as governor. [70] According to al-Basalamah, this was done by Umar because he wanted to minimize any potential scandals, although he admitted that he trusted Sa’d, [10] which the caliph’s intelligence proved that they did not see any wrongdoing. Sa’d’s behavior proven. during their investigation. [64] According to Asad Q. Ahmed, the reports of so many complaints against Sa’d were probably due to the intense jealousy of some tribes in Kufa towards Sa’d for his apparent high position as lord of Iraq and for in his closeness to his favorite general. and so was his nephew, Hashim ibn Utba, who was viewed by his detractors as nepotism. [64]
Later, on the eve of the battle of Nahavand, Caliph Umar convened a war council consisting of Sa’d, Uthman, Ali, Talha, Zubayr, and Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. [71]
Some narrations state that although ʿUmar expelled him from his post as governor, he recommended that the caliph who succeeded him re -appoint Saʿd, as Umar did not expel Saʿd for any treason. [33] Later, Sa’d was one of six men appointed by Umar ibn al-Khattab for the third caliphate. Umar left a will to whoever was elected as caliph to appoint Sa’d as governor of Kufa, which was made by Uthman ibn al-Affan, who expelled al-Mughira from Kufa and re-appointed Sa’d as governor. according to Umar’s will. [33] A few years later, however, Sa’d became involved in a fight with Abdullah ibn Masud, as he could not pay the money because he was in debt in the end. This quarrel provoked Uthman, who then again ousted Sa’d from the governor of Kufa and appointed Al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan as his successor. [33]
Early Muslim civil wars [edit]
When the civil war broke out in the First Fitna, Sa’d brought with him most of the living Companions of the Prophet’s generations such as Ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Umar, Muhammad ibn Maslamah, Anas ibn Malik, Al-Qa’qa ‘ibn Amr al-Tamimi, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari and many others, along with the well-known Tabi’un of Abdallah ibn Amir and Ahnaf ibn Qais who retired from internal strife and decided to remain neutral, [4] [10] As shown that Sa’d, along with Ibn Umar and Ibn Maslamah refused requests from one of the group during the civil war to help them. [72] Many were angry with the very influential but pacifistic faction led by Sa’d, as some even their inactivity during the conflict prevented a certain outcome of the battle. where even Sa’d was rebuked by his own son, Umar ibn Sa’ad. [72] while Ibn Sa’d urged his father to take a side or claim the caliphate for himself, both of which Sa’d refused.
Sa’d lived with all ten blessed companions, and passed away leaving enormous wealth to his heirs at the age of eighty, in the year 674. [6]
From the portion of the last Zakat he paid to Marwan ibn al-Hakam indicates that Saad left two hundred and fifty thousand dirhams worth on the day he died. [73]
Legacy [edit]As a figure with a long career in the early history of Islam and its conquests, Sa’d left a rich legacy in which he is discussed as a military figure by historians in the Middle Eastern, a revered saint of Islam by Islamic scholars, or as a source of influence for Islamic culture in China by Chinese historical researchers. Sa’d’s historical characterization as a hero of Islam and the Arabs was even used by Saddam Hussein as a model to associate himself with the occupier of Iraq. [74]
Islamic scholarships [edit]
Sunni Muslims regard him as one of the ten promised Paradise. An Islamic source, Sahih Bukhari, said: To urge him to [the time of Uhud], Muhammad said: “Guns, Saʿd … may my mother and father be your ransom.”. This was reported by Ali ibn Abi Talib, who said that he had never heard Muhammad promise such a ransom to anyone, except Sa’d. [75] Apart from the nomination as the ten prominent Sahabah, participation in Badr, and his heroism in during Uhud, scholars agreed for various things that further elevated his status in Islam, such as the various verses of the Qur’an that Muhammad revealed and attributed to him:
Sa’d is also attributed by Muslim scholars for the transmission of various hadiths, such as at least fifteen hadith in Sahih Al-Bukhari and Muslim, which are both agreed upon. While the hadith narrated only by Bukhari are the five hadith for Sa’d, and the Muslim are eighteen hadith. [78] while Ahmad ibn Hanbal listed in his Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal about 177 hadith. [79] various well-known narrators such as Abdullah ibn Umar, Aisha bint Abi Bakr, Abdullah ibn Abbas, Al-Sa’ib ibn Yazid, Jubayr ibn Mut’im, Jabir ibn Abdullah bin Amr bin Haram, and many more chain narrators also from Sa’d, as recorded by Dhahabi. [78] while Al-Tirmidhi recorded a Hadith from Muhammad narrated by Sa’d about Prophet Jonah praying during his time inside the giant belly of a fish. [80]
Sa’d is also recorded in history as one of the earliest practitioners of Muzara’a, a business model according to Sharia similar to sharecropping in which the product is distributed according to a fixed ratio. [81]
Architecture [edit]
Great mosque of Kufa in 1915
Sa’d was honored for his foundation of the new city of Kufa adjacent to the city of Al-Hirah founded by the classical Arab ruler Nu’man ibn al-Mundhir, [82] which According to Imamuddin the town reached its glory in the time of Umar himself who called it Ras Islam. [82] This newly developed city designed by Sa’d remains to this day, [82] originally built for communities to accommodate the permanent residence of the Muslim army in Iraq. [33] Thus, Sa’d had many public service structures built in this city that were honored for him, such as a canal built named after him, and Congregational mosque of Kufa built for the Friday prayers of 40,000 people with a wide veranda of 100 yards. long was built in front of the congregation hall, While the main roads of this city were built twenty yards wide and streets thirty to forty -five feet long, [82] of which the structure of Dar al Imara its located to the south of its Qibla wall. [83] The grand mosque of Kufa also has historical significance, as it became the place where the treaty of Hasan – Muawiya took place, and Hassan ibn Ali decided to renounce the position of Caliph and promise Mu’awiyah as the next. and the Caliph. [84]
Meanwhile, before his establishment of Kufa, after the conquest of the Sassanid capital, al-Mada’in, Sa’d was identified by Ibn Shamil in his commentary on al-Bidaya wa Nihaya which Ibn Kathir notes as the first leading of Friday prayers in Iraq. [33] Where he converted the main hall of the Ctesiphon palace for Friday congregational prayers for the occupying Muslim forces. [83]
Military [edit]While Hawtings measures Sa’d’s military activity lasted from 14 AH to 19 AH, [85] most historians agree on Sa’d’s recognized achievements for his two most important battles in Iraq. by Sa’d, whose battle of Qadisiyyah, and the pacification of the Sassanid capital, Ctesiphon, marked an important legacy in the middle east. [86] [31] [49] [85] The battle of al-Qadisiyyah itself is considered by Bashamil, in his commentary of Ibn Kathir’s book al Bidaya wa Nihaya, as a sign of the permanent preservation of the caliphate’s presence in Iraq, as almost all Iraqi cities. who broke their allegiance to the caliphate, at this moment Khalid ibn al-Walid left the Levant, immediately surrendering to Sa’d, because they were Iraqis convinced that the glory of the Persian Sassanids had waned and this was the time of the Islamic caliphate. [33] Meanwhile, Sayf ibn Umar further stressed that how for the battle of al-Qadisiyyah the effects were far greater than in Iraq and Persian lands, as Sayf reported that the Arab tribe in Aden Abyan, Yemen , gives full attention and monitoring carefully to the outcome of al -Qadisiyyah, because although the outcome of this battle will still affect Yemen. [33] [64]
CONCERNING the conquest of Ctesiphon Sa’d amassed the innumerable treasures of the Persian empire which according to Ibn Kathir, were worth at least 3,000 billion Gold dinars (810 trillion in US Dollars), which Sa immediately sent ‘d the gigantic spoils of war in Medina, after dividing the fifth part reserved for his troops. [33] As for the victory of the lesser -known battle of Jalula, the army led by Sa’d is said to have been able to seize the same amount of spoils of war they obtained from Ctesiphon, [33] or greater, as according to Asad Ahmed, the loot of The Jalula was the largest seizure during the Persian conquest. [64]
Alleged Visit to China and Bangladesh [edit]
Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou, China.Claimed by locals built by Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas.
Saʿd is traditionally recognized by Hui Muslims in the introduction of Islam to China for specifically two main sources:
According to Local Hui Muslims Sa’d came as caliphate ambassador in 650, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang. [87] [88] As a mosque in the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh is also found, it is said to have been built by himself in 648, and also locally called after his name as Abu Akkas mosque. [89] [90]
As mosque in Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh is also found, which is said to have been built by himself in 648, and also locally called after his name as Abu Akkas mosque. According to a Chinese traveler named Liu Ch’ih, Sa’d ibn abi Waqqas was honored with the introduction of Islam to China in 616 AD after he migrated to China from Abyssinia [91]
Despite some Chinese local claimants as descendants of Sa’d, [92] What most say that Sa’d once visited China remains controversial among scholars, as outlined by Donald Leslie: “Chinese Muslim tradition, with sources from the 14th century onwards, Sahâba Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqâs, cousin of the Prophet’s mother, conqueror of Persia and founder of Kufâh, was sent along with other messengers in 628, but very likely the envoys were actually sent to China when the Prophet was still alive.of the envoys to Persia, Ethiopia and elsewhere, but no mention of China.We should note that apart from the famous Guangzhou tomb for the Waqqâ in China , there is also one in Medina, which is more convincing “., [2] While L. C. Harris says that most Arab historians reject this notion because of the irresponsible narration and tradition records for such pagla Sa’d’s journey [94] However, Maurice Gajan who suggests a connection about the existence of Muslim traders came from the middle east who founded small communities in the coastal towns of Quanzhou, Guangzhou, and Yangzhou. in the early medieval times there was a local tradition about Sa’d’s journey.
Regardless of the controversies, culturalists agree about the profound influences surrounding the figure of Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas towards the heritage of Chinese culture, particularly the mosques and tombs associated with Sa’d by local Muslim and Chinese.[96] In Central Asia, his name is often translated as “Saduakas” (Sadvakas) and is a very common name among nomadic people in Central Asia.
Character analysis [edit]
Sa’d was born in Mecca in 595. His father was Abu Waqqas Malik ibn Uhayb ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah from the Banu Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe. [6] [97] Uhayb ibn Abd Manaf was the uncle of the father of Aminah bint Wahb, [citation needed] Muhammad’s mother. Sa’d’s mother was Hamnah bint Sufyan ibn Umayya ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf. [98] Sa’d was a relative of Muhammad as the mother of the Prophet, Aminah, came from the clan of Sa’d, Banu Zuhrah. The lineage of Sa’d was attested to by Muhammad in the recorded tradition of a conversation between the two, when the former asked “Who am I?”, To which the latter replied “You are Sa’ad bin Malik bin Uhayb … May. The curse of God be upon whoever says otherwise. “. [Notes 20] Sa’d had many children, of which his sons were Umar ibn Sa’ad and Amir and his daughter A’isha is the best known. [85] ]
Sa’d is described as medium height to short stature according to the medieval Arab standard, dark skinned and pug-nosed. However, he is said to be very muscularly built. [10] After he embraced Islam, Sa’d was known as fanatically loyal to his new faith, and on several occasions, to Muhammad, to the point that he even threatened to kill his own brother, Utbah, for being harmed by said brother. Muhammad during the Battle. of Uhud. [4] He also forced disobedience to his mother to beg to leave his new religion, [4] although Sa’d is known in literature as famous for his sonhood to the Meccan Quraysh. [5]
Sa’d was known for his skill in Mounted archery, as Sa’d boasted himself as the “First Muslim archer” during a minor operation with the small reconnaissance team under Ubaydah ibn al-Harith. towards Rabigh, where Sa’d covered his comrades during the retreat as he shot the enemy while retreating with his vehicle. [5] Al-Basamah said that in the last stage of the battle at Uhud, when Sa’d Muhammad, and about 12 Muslim soldiers were separated from the main army and surrounded by the enemy, it was Sa’d who fired so hard at close range that some of them were immediately killed by the shock of the enemies in front of them, allowing this small group to find momentum to break the siege and join the main army. [10] Muslim scholars, both classical and contemporary refer to Sa’d the legendary skill of archery in this battle as a “gift (of God)”, since sa’d “superhuman” work was granted because of his bold attempt to cover up the Prophet and his followers. [10] [4] [5] Despite the Muslim defeat at Uhud, it is said that after the battle, his companions praised Sa’d for his heroism on the battlefield (al-Battal in Arabic) and for his work ensuring Muhammad’s safety during of dangerous situations. [5] Sa’d served with Abu Bakr, az-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Sa’d ibn Mu’adh al-Ansari served as Haras or Muhammad’s personal bodyguard. [99]
Leadership [edit]
Camel herds in Iraq. Hordes of camels were used at al-Qadisiyyah to stack out the Sassanid elephant corps.
During his tenure as Iraq’s top army commander, Sa’d was a more strategic and command figure, far removed from his reputation in his youth during Muhammad’s time as a frontline hero. Imamuddin regarded Sa’d as a wise leader during his governorship in Iraq. [100] Asad Q. Ahmed said in saying Sa’d was shown to be politically savvy during his tenure in Iraq as he engaged in active roles against Umar in financial and political matters. [101]
Sa’d always relied on and consulted on any frontline development with caliph Umar. [41] [59] Like the common views that give credits to Sa’d about the great victory in Qadisiyyah, scholarly reviews are more focused on the numbers behind his victory in that battle.[42] [31] [10] [44] Towards lower offices, Sa’d’s leadership was characterized by his liberal stance, as Sa’d usually gave his subjects the freedom to express themselves. their ideas, [44] [31] whether by relying on the wisdom of strategy experts such as al-Muthanna, Asim, al-Mughira and Arfajah [30] to complement his overall approach, while also allowed decisive commanders such as Tulayha, al-Qa’qa ibn ‘Amr, or’ Amr ibn Ma’adi-Karib to launch their own initiatives during the battle of Qadisiyyah. [31] [10] [44 ] or powerful warriors like al-Bara ‘ibn Malik and Mujaz’ah ibn Thawr. Sa’d’s leadership style allowed creative field commanders such as al-Qa’qa to freely use their creativity using the approach of camel horde lines, [45] who unexpectedly were able to counter the intimidation. elephants and Sassanids wearing iron horses, [10] [49] because the combination of the smell and body mass of those camels in the immediate vicinity caused significant stress to those two animals and stopped their path charges. [10] [34]
Another notable factor for Sa’d’s success in al-Qadisiyyah was the quality of his archers, since Rashidun’s archers were generally accurate and powerful shooters, similar to the Byzantine archers in the Battle of Callinicum. This powerful archery style allowed the Rashidun archers to easily overpower the Sassanid archers who preferred the fast, showering Panjagan archery technique, as there was more punch and range of the former than the latter during the Muslim conquest of Persia. the particular narrative emerged from Baladhuri who recorded testimony from a grandson of a Sassanid Army survivor who witnessed at the Battle of Qadisiyya how the Sassanid arrows failed to penetrate Rashidun’s weapons or shield, while the replacement was the arrows of Muslim archers inserted into mail coats and double. cuirass of Sassanid warriors. This was emphasized by al Ubaisi in his commentary on the book of Tabari about the last days of al-Qadisiyyah. [49] In other words, many of Sa’d’s brilliant victories over the Persians were due to the brilliance of his talented subjects. [31]
However, al-Basamah said that Sa’d himself was not lacking in the invention of war, which al-Basamah featured how Sa’d left the orthodox “five division” formation consisting of the old school vanguard, center, and rearguard with two. flanks, in thinner six division variations with center, right center, left center, right cavalry, left cavalry, and long rearguard lines consisting of reserves, [10] or camelier corps. [45] While Sa’d also trained his knight’s wings to act like pendulum movements, a Karr wa Farr (interaction-and-separation) implementation of the classical Arabian warfare strategy, in his field development of war, in which these cavalry would mount and retreat to their starting position, while the other cavalry wing reacted the opposite way. [10] Contemporary historians also emphasize Sa’d’s brilliance of exchanging emissaries with Rostam, which became Sa’d’s psychological warfare that ultimately successfully motivated Rostam to act first and pull his army into the field. favored by Sa’d. [31]
Relationship with the Caliphs
During Abu Bakr’s reign, the caliph entrusted Sa’d as one of his personal guards who performed important roles during the early stages of the great Ridda uprisings, such as defending Medina, [25] and the pacification. of Daumat al Jandal. [3] Sa’d is said to have had good relations with caliph Umar, who tended to micromanage his governors and generals policy, as the Caliph many times to decide also the policy of the general movement’s office. Sa’d in the case of the battle of al-Qadisiyyah, or the case of the assignment of field commander compositions for many operations and the battle for Jalula.[31] [33] [44] This is further attested to how the Caliph also issued a footnote for the Siege of Shushtar for the Rashidun generals to assign a particular name such as al-Bara ‘ibn Malik, Mujaz’ ah ibn Thawr, and Malik ibn Sur, all known as mighty warriors, to undergo the siege operation. [31] [10] [44] However, Sa’d did not think that most of the time caliph Umar was in charge of some of his constituents of command such as when to engage in battle. [10] In fact, Sa’d intensified his engagement with the caliph by creating an intensive system of communication between Medina and the frontline, to the point that the caliph could have a fully comprehensive understanding of the progress in Qadisiyyah, [10] [44] Up to the present of Qadisiyyah, Umar had a special concern for Sa’d, as the Caliph even saw the need to train the army in the levant led by Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah and Khalid ibn al-Walid to send reinforcements for Sa’d. [49] This relationship of the Caliph’s trust in Sa’d continued until the last period of scandal during Sa’d’s reign in Kufa, where even the Caliph still said that he still trusted Sa’d, although his policy forced him to replace Sa’d with another governor. [10] [5] The decision to expel Sa’d was admitted by Umar was never personal, as it had to be made to avoid further scandals. [64] Some accounts state that although ʿUmar expelled him from his post as governor, he recommended that the caliph who succeeded him replace Saʿd in Kufa. [33]
Sa’d seems to have enjoyed some degree of good relations during Uthman’s caliphate because Sa’d was one of six men appointed by Umar ibn al-Khattab for the third caliphate, which resulted in the unanimous decision to elect Uthman, who further carried out Umar’s will to re-appoint Sa’d as governor by ousting al-Mughira. [33] However, after a few years, the relationship became bad because Sa’d was involved in a quarrel with Abdullah ibn Masud, due to Sa’d’s inability to repay the debt eventually. This quarrel provoked Uthman, who then again expelled Sa’d from the governor of Kufa and appointed Al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan as his successor. [33]
… If you are really pushing me to get involved in the matter (between Ali and Mu’awiyah) … Then, bring me a sword that refuses to hurt any Muslim! Sa’d refuses to force his son to get involved in the civil war. [5]
When the First Civil War broke out in Fitna, Sa’d was among the majority of the living Companions of the Prophet’s generations such as Ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Umar, Muhammad ibn Maslamah, Anas ibn Malik, Al-Qa’qa ‘ ibn Amr al-Tamimi, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, Zayd ibn Thabit, Salman the Persian, Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman, Usama ibn Zayd and many others, including the famous Tabi’un of Abdallah ibn Amir and Ahnaf ibn Qais to retire from internal strife and decided to remain neutral, [104] [4] [10] It has been shown that Sa’d, along with Ibn Umar and Ibn Maslamah refused requests from one of the group during the civil war to help they. [72] This group according to records actually contained the majority of the Companions of the Prophet, since the surviving generations of the Sahaba at that time, of which thousands of them still belonged to the neutral faction that this, despite the few celebrities involved in the civil war such as Talha, Zubayr, Aisha, Mu’awiyah and Ali. [105] [104] The only one from this group who agreed to be nominally involved was Abu Musa al-Ash’ari, who only agreed to do so during the non-combative arbitration role, and when both sides were agreed to stop the fighting.
Many were angry with the very influential but pacifistic faction led by Sa’d and Ibn Maslama, as some even their inactivity during the conflict prevented a certain outcome of the battle. where even Sa’d was rebuked by his own son, Umar ibn Sa’ad, while later after the civil war, Ibn Maslamah was killed in his own house while some citizens from Jordan entered his house, also because of his neutrality. . [72]Modern analysts have theorized that this neutrality that Sa’d specifically displayed was based on his genuine dislike of strife, that even the search to kill Uthman should not drag the entire caliphate to civil war [10] [5] [104] While Muslim scholars also agreed on the narration of the days following the civil war, both Sa’d and Mu’awiyah agreed that no one should curse or curse Ali.
Family tree [edit] Descendants [edit]
Sa’d’s descendants gained some degree of influence within the caliphate political sphere, particularly in the late Rashidun to early Umayyad, while some in the caliphate of Cordoba gained fame such as Ibn al- Aflaily [ar].
Early caliphate [edit]
Asad Q. Ahmed mentions how Sa’d’s house was closely associated with the southern Arabs as their main allies. [101] Sa’d had children from two Kindah women, the first from Mawiyyah bint Qays al-Kindi, who bore him five children, three daughters and two sons. [101] While from another woman identified as Umm Hilal bint Rabi ‘al Kinda, a daughter of Hima (war camel-breeding) supervisor in Kufa. [101] Umm Hilal had three children with Sa’d. [101] Sa’d also had another wife from a woman of the Banu Bahra ‘clan of the Quda’a tribe, another southern stock of the tribe claiming origin from Ma’ad ibn Adnan, [Notes 22] . The female Bahra clan was named Makita bint Amr, with Kunya Umm Amir. [101] Makita had four children. [101] Another wife of Sa’d during his lifetime was Salma bint Khasafah who bore him six children, [101] and at least eight wives from different tribes during Sa”s lifetime. d.
Highlights of Sa’d’s marriage to several female clans were mentioned by Asad Q. Ahmed, as their descendants played some political role during the last period of the caliphate. [101] Sa’d’s marriage to Mawiyyah and Umm Hilal established Sa’d’s descendants from those two benevolent women, as Mawiyyah’s three daughters, married influential men of the caliphate, such as Al-Mughira ibn Shu’bah, Sa’d’s lieutenant and high-ranking Sahaba. from Banu Thaqif, and Ibrahim ibn Abd ar Rahman, son of Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, a member of al-ʿashara al-mubashshara and very wealthy Qurayshite nobility from the tribe of Zuhra, thus merging the two prominent households of Zuhrite. [101] Ibrahim, who was a prominent judge in Baghdad during al-Rashid’s time, had a son from Sa’d’s daughter, of whom the said son was appointed Shurta of Medina. [101] According to Asad Q. Ahmed, Sa’d’s most impressive son through Mawiyyah was Umar ibn Sa’ad, as he was the most enthusiastic to embrace the opportunity to mark his own name in the field of politics as the son of influential Companions. [101] Umar ibn Sa’d was entrusted by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad as Umar served him well during the battle of Karbala and helped Ubayd Allah ascend as governor of Rayy and Hamadan. [101] Later after the death of caliph Yazid I, Umar gained even greater influence than Ubayd Allah when he garnered strong support from the Kinda tribe to be appointed as governor of Iraq, [101] despite contempt. of the people of Kufa for his involvement in the assassination of Husayn ibn Ali. [101] Meanwhile, Umar’s brother, Muhammad ibn Sa’d also served in favor of the Umayyad during the battle of al-Harra. [101]
Meanwhile, Sa’d’s marriage to women from Banu Bakr bin Wail and Taghlib bin Wail also resulted in the alliance of Sa’d’s descendants with those tribes. [101] Sa’d’s sons from these tribes had a peculiar closeness to Alids, as did Kharija ibn Sa’d, a scholar of Hadith and one of the narrators of Al-Tabarani. [101] However, despite Kharija’s reported closeness to the Alids, he instead married the daughter of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, whereupon their son was appointed as the collector of Sadaqah by the group of Zubayrid.[101] On the other hand, Sa’d’s Taghlibid wife, Khawla al-Taghlib, also gained the least fame because her son, Mus’ab ibn Sa’d, held a significant position. in the Alids, as reported by Mus’ab. traditions from Ali, the fourth Rashidun caliph. [101] Mus’ab also made a covenant with the son of Hashim ibn Utba, Sa’d’s own nephew who was also known as one of the most influential personalities of Alid’s group. [101] Mus’ab also married another powerful Alid family, the son of Hasan ibn Farqad from Banu Dabba, one of Ali’s supporters in the camel battle. Thus, Mus’ab’s marriage alliances further strengthened the relationship between Sa’d’s household and the Alids while further binding Zuhra through Hashim’s daughter. [101]
Sa’d’s Quda’a wife, Makita bint Amir al-Bahra, also forged an important alliance between the Qurayshite Zuhra and the Banu Bahra, a well-known southern noble family closely related to the Umayyad. [ 101] Asad Q. Ahmed outlined the fame that Bahra had within the caliphate stemmed from the fact that this clan produced the likes of Miqdad ibn Aswad, [101] as recorded by Khayr al-Din al-Zirikli, a high ranked companion of the prophet from the Muhajirun and veteran of the battle of Badr. [107] Asad Q. Ahmed emphasized that Miqdad was somehow closely related to the Zuhra lineage of Sa’d and Abd al Rahman ibn Auf, since Miqdad’s father and former employer, Aswad ibn Abd al-Yaghuts al -Zuhri is also a clan of Zuhra. [101] Furthermore, the children of Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas from Makita were all married to the clan of Zuhra. [101]
Sa’d’s wife from the Banu Talabah clan was Salma, widow of the deceased al-Muthanna ibn Haritha. [101] The children of Sa’d and Salma had a peculiar character possessing the same relations with the Umayyad and Alid. The Alid group’s relationship came from their daughter named Umm Ishaq, who married Hashim ibn Utba, Alid’s well -known and Sa’d’s own nephew. [101] Meanwhile, Umayyad relations originated with Umm Ishaq’s third marriage, as she married an Umayyad supporter. [101] Another daughter of Sa’d and Salma was Umm Ayyub, who married Muhammad ibn Jubayr ibn Muṭʽim al-Abd Manaf, a strong supporter of the Umayyad according to Wilfred Madelung, while the third daughter, Umm ‘Amr also married Muhammad ibn Jubayr. [101] Thus, all of Salma’s daughters had strong ties to the Umayyad. [101] Meanwhile, Salma’s sons from Sa’d, Umayr al-Asghar and ‘Amr, fell during the battle of al-Harra, which, according to Asad Q. Ahmed, is an indication that they were both of high rank. of the people of Medina. [101]
Asad Q. Ahmed concludes his writing that Sa’d’s children and grandchildren gained fame in the early years of the Umayyad caliphate and were particularly popular with the Arab tribes in the south through his marriage alliances. . [101] However, their popularity declined after the emergence of the Marwanids, who favored the Syrian-based northern Arabs at the expense of the south, including Sa’d’s indirect home in general. [101]
Caliphate of Cordoba [edit]
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad as-Sa’di al-Zuhri, better known as Ibn al-Aflaily was a grammarian and linguist during the Caliphate of Córdoba was one of Sa’d’s prominent descendants. according to Yaqut al-Hamawi, Ibrahim was descended from Sa’d son named Khalid, with his Nasab lineage being Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Zakaria ibn Mufarrij ibn Yahya ibn Ziyad ibn Abdullah ibn Khalid ibn Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas. [108] According to Ibn Bashkuwāl, Ibn al-Aflaily was accused of his religion in the days of Hisham II, and imprisoned for a while and then released. [109] Later, Muhammad II of Córdoba appointed Ibn al-Aflaily as minister during his reign. [110]
Notes [edit]
See also [edit]
References [edit]
Citations [edit]
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