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Celebrated Name:
Andrew Wakefield
Real Name/Full Name:
Andrew Jeremy Wakefield
Gender:
Masculine
Age:
63 years old
Date of birth:
December 12, 1957
Place of birth:
Eton, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom
Nationality:
British
Height:
1.7m
Weight:
75kg
Sexual Orientation:
Just
Marital status:
Married
Wife/Spouse (Name):
Caramel Wakefield
Children/children (son and daughter):
N / A
Date/Girlfriend (Name):
N / A
Is Andrew Wakefield gay?:
no
Profession:
Former doctor, anti-vaccination
Salary:
N / A
net worth:
2 million dollars
Last updated:
January 2021
Andrew Jeremy Wakefield is a former British doctor and anti-vaccination activist. He worked as a gastroenterologist at the Royal Free Hospital in London. In 1998 he published an article in The Lancet linking measles, mumps and rubella vaccine and autism; However, his research was not supported by the other researchers. After he became involved in the controversy of having financial conflicts with his studies, many of his associates stopped working with him on his research.
You may know Andrew Wakefield very well, but do you know how old and tall he is and what is his 2021 Net Worth? If you don’t know, we have prepared this article with details of Andrew Wakefield Short Biography Wiki, Career, Working Life, Personal Life, Net Worth Today, Age, Height, Weight and more Facts. Well, if you’re ready, let’s get started.
Early Life & Biography
Andrew Wakefield was born into a family of doctors in the beautiful town of Eton, England. His father was a neurologist and his mother a general practitioner, which inspired him to choose the medical field. He attended King Edward’s School for his primary education. He attended St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School to earn his medical degree, graduating in 1981. In 1985 he joined the Royal College of Surgeons.
Personal Life
Wakefield has dedicated his entire life to the medical field. He researched a link between mumps, measles, and rubella vaccines and autism, but got into a lot of controversy, which brought his reputation downhill. He was viewed as a fraud and evil for humanity because of his misconduct and financial conflicts. His colleagues also stopped working with him for this reason. In spring 2005 he married his wife Carmel Wakefield.
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Age, Height, and Weight
Andrew Wakefield was born on December 12, 1957 and is 63 years old as of today, January 24, 2021. He is 1.7 m tall and weighs 75 kg.
Career
He worked for three years from 1986 to 1989 on a team studying graft versus host disease during the small bowel transplantation period at the University of Toronto. He continued his studies under a trust at the same university.
He worked at the Royal Free Hospital in London, where he caught the attention of workers in 1993 when N. published a report stating that the measles virus could cause Crohn’s disease. He published the same story in The Lancet, but the other researchers disputed that statement and sa with evence that Crohn’s condition was not caused by the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) or by the measles virus in 1998.
In 1996, while researching the link between Crohn’s disease and the measles virus, he met an autistic child and began thinking about the link between the MMR vaccine and autism.
He resigned from the Royal Free Hospital when Andrew was asked to valate his report in The Lancet newspaper.
Wakefield established a center, the Thoughtful House Center for Childre, to study autistic children and continued his study of the link between the MMR vaccine and autism. He also wrote books like Callous Disregard: Autism and Vaccines – The Truth Behind a Tragedy and many more.
But he became the subject of major controversy when the British General Medical Council investigated allegations against Wakefield that he was dishonest and abused autistic children. This had many consequences for his career as he was banned from practicing his profession in the UK and his work was awarded the title of ‘elaborate fraud’ by the British Medical Journal. All of this gained media attention, and he was heavily criticized for it by the public.
He currently works as a director at a company called Medical Interventions of Autism.
Awards & Achievements
Wakefield has no awards to its name.He wanted to achieve many things in the medical field for which he d a lot of research but it was all in vain because of the controversy with his work linking MMR vaccine and autism.
Net Worth & Salary of Andrew Wakefield
As of January 2021, Andrew Wakefield’s net worth is around $2 million but his salary is not yet known. He has worked in the most prestigious hospitals and done a lot of research. But after all that hard work, he got caught in a controversy that ruined his reputation as a doctor and also prevented him from practicing in the UK
Andrew Wakefield was a former British doctor who wanted to work for the people and the medical field but ended up ruining his career due to significant controversy. The public heavily criticized him for his misconduct. He now lives somewhere near Austin with his family and currently works as a director at a company called Medical Interventions of Autism.
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Andrew Wakefield – Wikipedia
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Andrew Wakefield age, height, weight, net worth 2022, wife, kids, gay, girlfriend, biography, wiki
Real Name/Full Name Andrew Jeremy Wakefield Nick Name/Celebrated Name: Andrew Wakefield Place of Birth: Eton, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom Date of Birth/Birthday: 12 December 1957 Age/Some Years: 64 years old Height/How Tall : In Centimeters – 170 cm
In Feet and Inches – 5 ′ 5 ″ Weight: In Kilograms – 75 Kg
In Pounds – 165 lbs Eye Color: Green Hair Color: Light brown Parent Name: Father –N/A
Mother –N/A Siblings: N/A School: King Edward’s School College: St Mary’s Hospital Medical School Religion: Christian Nationality: British Zodiac Sign: Capricorn Gender: Male Sexual Orientation: Straight Marital Status: Married Girlfriend: N/A Wife/Spouse Name: Carmel Wakefield Child/Child Name: N/A Profession: Former physician, anti-immunization activist Net Worth: $ 2 million Last Updated: July 2022
Andrew Wakefield is a former physician of British descent and also an anti-vaccine activist. He is currently working as a gastroenterologist in London at the royal free hospital. He was so generous that in 1998, he released his years of research in a paper in which he described various diseases such as mumps, measles, autism, and many other common diseases.
But unfortunately, this is not supported by other researchers. A few months later, he faced many financial issues, and so most of his colleagues and researchers who had previously worked with him quit their jobs and chose to work with other doctors. Their colleagues did not want to be part of the controversy.
Well, how well do you know Andrew Wakefield? If not so much, here’s what we know about Andrew Wakefield so far.
Biography and Early Life
Andrew Jeremy Wakefield, known as Andrew Wakefield, was born into a family of neurologists and a mother who was a general practitioner. His family background gave him most of the inspiration to enter the medical field. He was a bookish kid in his early days and so didn’t have too many friends. He spent most of his time studying the parts of the human body. He decided to become a doctor and help people cure some of the diseases that could not be cured.
Age, Height, Weight and Body Measurement
So, how old is Andrew Wakefield in 2022 and what is his height and weight? Well, Andrew Wakefield is 64 years old from the date of July 8, 2022 born on December 12, 1957. Although, he is 5 ′ 5 ″ in feet and inches and 170 cm in Centimeter tall, he weighs about 165 lbs in Pounds and 75kg in Kilograms.
Education
Andrew finished his education from King Edward’s school because it was the same school where his parents attended. Her parents were the reason for her inspiration to become a doctor. He then joined St Mary’s Hospital for a medical degree, and he finally received his graduation in 1981. After that, he joined the college of surgeons in 1985 to learn more about the profession.
Personal Life: Dating, Girlfriends, Wife, Kids
Andrew devoted himself to the field of medicine. He worked hard on it, so passionate that he finally understood the bondage between mumps and measles but unfortunately, due to some consequences, his reputation was damaged. After that, he had to go through a lot of financial issues.
Her situation began to worsen over the days. His members left him, those formerly working with him, in his own shadow, but he still did not stop. He continues to work entirely on himself. He finally married Carmel Wakefield in the spring of 2005.
Is Andrew Wakefield gay?
No, we can’t say Andrew Wakefield is gay. This is because he married Carmel Wakefield. Mostly he drowned himself in his work because he was determined to make his dream come true. In the past, he did a lot for himself and his livelihood. So we can conclude that Andrew Wakefield is not gay.
Professional work
Andrew began his career as a researcher.He accompanied his team and studied a reaction between the graft and the host’s reaction during small intestinal transplantation. These studies continued for three years from 1986 to 1989. He still continued his studies and his research work at that university.
While working in the royal free hospital, he researched many diseases. One of his findings was that having measles can lead to Crohn’s disease. He also made this observation and published it in the Lancet, but most scientists rejected this finding. They unanimously voted against his statement to prove everything wrong. This event took place in 1998.
While the whole world rejected his publication, he still did not stop working. He then left the hospital after they denied validation of his research about measles. All his efforts were in vain. Wakefield then opened a center where he educated people about autism, vaccines, and many other diseases. Studying for autism is more than just a selfless act, and he wants to find a cure for this incurable disorder. At the same time, he also continued to research his subject. He even wrote his own book called Callous Disregard. This book is about autism and vaccines.
After that, the British council of medical science filed an indictment against him regarding research he used to do on autistic children. They also tagged him as a fraud.
But disrespect did not hinder the continuation of his research. It proved his dedication to his passion. He currently works as a director at a company called Medical Interventions for Autism.
Awards
Wakefield has no awards in his name because he got the fraud tag. This led him to lower his fame. But he was immensely trying his best. Dr. Wakefield is still going to conduct a lot of research and many other ways to prove himself right. We hope that one day he will succeed and come up with a cure for countless deadly ailments.
Net Worth, Salary, and Income by Andrew Wakefield in 2022
In 2022, he made $ 2 million. He has even worked in many great hospitals, and he is still trying his best to work for the welfare of the people. Sadly the scam started with his success. People started calling him fake and reporting false statements against him. All the money he earns is all invested in his research work.
Some Interesting Facts You Need to Know
Andrew found the link between autism and mumps.
Her inspiration for autism research came after she saw an Autistic child in her hospital.
He wrote a book called Callous Disregard.
Despite all the harassment Andrew has received in connection with his experiments, he is still trying to prove himself right. This constant struggle of proving himself right made him a strong man. He did not despair and still continued to work in many aspects of the medical field. With his negative popularity, he was able to gather investments from his followers and earn large amounts of his money for his living and education. Wakefield motivates young people who are easily discouraged.
Andrew Wakefield
Discredited British former doctor (born 1956)
Andrew Jeremy Wakefield (born 1956) [3] [4] [a] is a British anti-vaccine activist, former physician, and discredited academic who was removed from the medical register for his involvement in The Lancet MMR autism fraud, a study in 1998. that falsely claimed a link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. He became known for anti -vaccination activism. Publicity around the 1998 study resulted in a sharp decline in vaccination use, leading to a number of measles outbreaks worldwide. He is a surgeon in the liver transplant program at the Royal Free Hospital in London and has been a senior lecturer and honorary consultant in experimental gastroenterology at the Royal Free and University College School of Medicine. He resigned from his positions there in 2001, “by mutual agreement”, then moved to the United States. In 2004, Wakefield co-founded and began working at the Thoughtful House research center (named Johnson Center for Child Health and Development) in Austin, Texas, serving as executive director there until February 2010, when he resigned as a result of findings against to him of the British General Medical Council.
Wakefield published his 1998 paper on autism in the prestigious medical journal The Lancet, claiming to have identified a novel form of enterocolitis associated with autism. However, other researchers were unable to reproduce his findings, [7] [8] and a 2004 investigation by Sunday Times reporter Brian Deer identified undisclosed financial conflicts of interest on the part of Wakefield. [9] Wakefield reportedly stands to earn up to $ 43 million per year from the sale of test kits. [10] Most of Wakefield’s co-authors withdrew their support for the study’s interpretations, [11] and the General Medical Council (GMC) conducted an inquiry into allegations of misconduct against Wakefield and two former colleagues, [12] focusing on Deer’s findings. [13] ]
In 2010, the GMC found that Wakefield was dishonest in his research, acted against the best interests of his patients and mistreated children with developmental delays, [14] and “failed in his duties as a responsible consultant “. [15] [16] ] [17] The Lancet completely revoked the Wakefield publication in 1998 based on GMC’s findings, which noted that elements of the manuscript had been forged and that the journal had been “deceived” by Wakefield. [18] [19] Three months later, Wakefield was removed from the UK medical register, in part for his deliberate falsification of research published in The Lancet, [20] and banned from practicing medicine in the UK. [21] In a related legal decision, the British court said that “[t] there is now no credible opinion supporting [Mr. Wakefield’s] hypothesis, that the MMR vaccine and autism/enterocolitis are caused by an association “. [22] Wakefield went on to defend his research and conclusions, stating that there was no fraud, deception or profit motive. [23] [24] [25] In 2016, Wakefield directed the anti-vaccination film Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe.
Early life and education
Wakefield was born in 1956; his father was a neurologist and his mother was a general practitioner. [26] After leaving the independent King Edward’s School, Bath, [27] Wakefield studied medicine at St Mary’s Hospital Medical School [26] (now Imperial College School of Medicine), becoming fully qualified in 1981.
Wakefield became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1985. [6]
Karera
At the University of Toronto from 1986 to 1989, he was a member of a team that studied tissue rejection problems in small intestinal transplantation, using animal models. [28] [29] He continued his studies of small intestine transplantation under the Wellcome Trust traveling fellowship at the University of Toronto in Canada. [6]
Measles virus claims – Crohn’s disease link
Back in the UK, he worked in the liver transplant program at the Royal Free Hospital in London.[6] In 1993, Wakefield gained professional attention when he published reports in which he concluded that the measles virus could cause Crohn’s disease; [30] and two years later he published a paper in The Lancet which suggests a link between the measles vaccine and Crohn’s disease. [31] ] Subsequent research failed to confirm this hypothesis, in which a group of British experts reviewed several studies reviewed by colleagues in 1998 and concluded that the measles virus did not cause Crohn’s disease, as well as the MMR vaccine. [32]
Later, in 1995, while conducting research on Crohn’s disease, he was approached by Rosemary Kessick, the parent of a child with autism, asking for help with her child’s intestinal problems and autism; Kessick ran a group called Allergy Induced Autism. [33] In 1996, Wakefield turned his attention to researching possible connections between the MMR vaccine and autism. [6]
During his MMR research study, Wakefield was senior lecturer and honorary consultant in experimental gastroenterology at the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine (since 2008, UCL Medical School). He resigned in 2001, [34] by “mutual agreement and was made a fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists”, [35] and moved to the US in 2001 [36] (or 2004, another account). [35] He was reportedly asked to leave the Royal Free Hospital after rejecting a request to certify his 1998 Lancet role with a controlled study. [37]
Wakefield subsequently helped establish and served as executive director of the Thoughtful House Center for Children, which studies autism in Austin, Texas, where, according to The Times, “he continued to promote the theory of a link between MMR vaccine and autism, despite admitting it was ‘unproven’. ”[35] He resigned from the Thoughtful House in February 2010, after the British General Medical Council discovered he was“ dishonest and irresponsible ”in the practice. of his previous research on autism in England. [28] [38] The Times reported in May 2010 that he was a medical consultant for Visceral, a UK charity that “researches bowel disease and developmental disorders “. [35]
Wakefield was banned from practicing as a physician in the UK, [21] and not licensed in the US. [39] He lives in the US where he has a following, including anti-vaccinationist Jenny McCarthy, [40] who wrote the preface for Wakefield’s autobiography, Callous Disregard. She has a son with autism -like symptoms that she believes are caused by the MMR vaccine. [41] [42] According to Deer, in 2011, Wakefield lived near Austin with his family. [28] [43]
Wakefield has set up the non-profit Strategic Autism Initiative to commission studies on the condition, and is currently listed as a director of a company called Medical Interventions for Autism and another called Autism Media Channel. [43]
The Lancet fraud
On 28 February 1998, Wakefield was the lead author of a study of twelve children with autism published in The Lancet. The study suggested a new syndrome called autistic enterocolitis, and raised the possibility of a link between a new form of bowel disease, autism, and the MMR vaccine. The authors reported that parents of eight to twelve children associated what was described as “behavioral symptoms” with MMR, and reported that the onset of these symptoms began within two weeks of vaccination in MMR.
These possible triggers were reported as MMR in eight cases, and measles infection in one. The paper was immediately controversial, leading to widespread publicity in the UK and the meeting of a special panel of the UK Medical Research Council next month. [44] A 2005 study in Japan found no causal association between the MMR vaccine and autism in groups of children given the triple MMR vaccine and children who received individual measles, mumps and rubella vaccinations. . In Japan, the MMR vaccine was replaced by individual vaccinations in 1993. [45]Although the paper said there was no proven connection to the cause, before it was published, Wakefield made statements at a press conference and in a video news release released by the hospital, calling for the suspension of the triple MMR vaccine until more research can be done. [46] It was later criticized as ‘science by press conference’. [47] According to BBC News, this press conference, rather than the paper in The Lancet, sparked fears of MMR vaccination. [48] The BBC report said he told reporters: “This is a ‘moral issue’ and he can no longer support the continued use of the three-in-one jab for measles, mumps and rubella. ‘Immediate further action is needed. research to determine if MMR can cause this complication in a small number of people, ‘Wakefield said at the time. “[48] He said,” If you give three viruses together, three live viruses, then you can increase the risk of a bad event occurring., especially when one of those viruses influences the immune system in the way measles does. ”[46] He suggested that parents should choose single vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella, separated by intervals of one year. He was interviewed by 60 Minutes in November 2000, and he reiterated these claims to the U.S. audience, providing a new focus for the emerging anti-vaccination movement in the U.S., which is primarily concerned about thiomersal in vaccine. [49] [50] In December 2001, Wakefield resigned from the Royal Free Hospital, saying, “I was asked to go because the results of my research were not popular.” [34] The medical school said he left “by mutual agreement”. In February 2002, Wakefield said: “What started this crisis was the removal of the single vaccine, the removal of the option, and that is what caused the chaos — because the doctors, the gurus, were being treated. the public as if they were some kind of moronic mass that cannot make wise decisions for themselves. “[51]
After the initial controversy
Wakefield continued to conduct clinical research in the United States after leaving the Royal Free Hospital in December 2001. He joined a controversial American researcher, Jeff Bradstreet, at the International Child Development Resource Center, to conduct further studies on possible link between MMR vaccine and autism. [52]
In 2004, Wakefield began working at the Thoughtful House research center in Austin, Texas. [53] Wakefield served as executive director of the Thoughtful House until February 2010, when he resigned in the wake of the British General Medical Council’s findings against him. [38] [54]
In February 2004, controversy resurfaced when Wakefield was accused of a conflict of interest. In The Sunday Times, Brian Deer reported that some of the parents of 12 children in the study at The Lancet had been recruited by a UK lawyer preparing a lawsuit against the MMR manufacturers, and the Royal Free Hospital received £ 55,000 from the UK Legal Aid Board (now the Legal Services Commission) to pay for the research. [55] Previously, in October 2003, the board cut public funding for litigation against MMR manufacturers. [56] Following an investigation into the allegations in The Sunday Times by the UK General Medical Council, Wakefield was charged with serious professional misconduct, including dishonesty. [57] In December 2006, Deer, writing in The Sunday Times, even reported that in addition to the money they donated to the Royal Free Hospital, the lawyers responsible for the MMR case had personally paid Wakefield more. at £ 400,000, which he had not previously disclosed. . [58]
Twenty -four hours before Deer’s 2004 Sunday Times report, The Lancet editor Richard Horton responded to the investigation in a public statement, describing Wakefield’s research as “fatally flawed” and saying he believed the paper would be rejected as bias if the peer reviewers knew of Wakefield’s conflict of interest. [59] Ten of Wakefield’s twelve co-authors of the paper in The Lancet later published a retrieval of an interpretation. [60] The section of the paper revoked reads as follows:
Interpretation.We identified associated gastrointestinal disease and developmental regression in a group of previously normal children, which is typically associated with time with possible environmental triggers.
The recovery stated: [60]
We would like to clarify that in this paper no causal relationship has been established between (the) vaccine and autism, as the data are insufficient. However, the possibility of such a link has been raised, and the consequent events have major implications for public health. Consequently, we now consider that it is appropriate time that we should collectively formally withdraw the interpretation placed on these findings in the paper, as previously reported. [61]
Wakefield v Channel 4 Television and Others
In November 2004, Channel 4 broadcast a one-hour Dispatches investigation by reporter Brian Deer; the Toronto Star said Deer had “produced documentary evidence that Wakefield applied for a patent on a single-jab vaccine against measles prior to his campaign against the MMR vaccine, which raised questions about his motives “. [28] [62] [63]
In addition to Wakefield’s unpublished initial patent submission, [62] Deer released a copy of the published patent application. [64] On page 1, its first paragraph states:
The present invention relates to a new vaccine/vaccination for the prevention and/or prevention against measles virus infection and to a pharmaceutical or therapeutic composition for the treatment of IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease); specifically Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis and regressive behavioral disease (RBD) (also referred to as “Pervasive Developmental Disorder).
Before describing the research in Wakefield’s 1998 paper in The Lancet, on the same page this patent explicitly states that the use of the MMR vaccine causes autism:
It has also now been shown that the use of the MMR vaccine (which is taken to include live attenuated measles vaccine virus, measles virus, mumps vaccine virus and rubella vaccine virus, and wild strains of the aforementioned viruses) results in ileal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, chronic colitis and pervasive developmental disorders including autism (RBD), in some infants.According to Deer, a letter from Wakefield’s attorneys to him dated January 31, 2005 said: “Dr. Wakefield was did not plan a rival vaccine. “[62]
In the Dispatches program, Deer also announced that Nicholas Chadwick, a researcher working under Wakefield’s supervision at the Royal Free medical school, had failed to find the measles virus in children reported in The Lancet. [65]
In January 2005, Wakefield began libel litigation against Channel 4, the independent production company Twenty Twenty and Brian Deer, The Sunday Times, and against Deer in person with his website briandeer.com [66] at case Wakefield v Channel Four Television and Others [2006] EWHC 3289 (QB); [2007] 94 BMLR 1. Within weeks of issuing his claims, however, Wakefield sought to stop the action until after the conclusion of the General Medical Council proceedings against him. Channel 4 and Deer sought a High Court order urging Wakefield to continue with his action, or stop it. After the hearing on October 27 and 28, 2005, Justice David Eady ruled against stopping the proceedings:
Thus it appears that Claimant wished to use the existence of libel proceedings for public relations purposes, and to deter other critics, while at the same time isolating himself from the “downside” of such proceedings, in having to answer a substantial defense of justification … I am quite satisfied, therefore, that the Claimant intends to take whatever advantage he may derive from the existence of the proceedings while not wishing to advance them or give Defendants an opportunity to meet claims. [67]
The judgment referred to Channel 4’s “very lengthy extract” summarizing Deer’s allegations against Wakefield: [67](i) [Wakefield] spread fears that the MMR vaccine could lead to autism, even though he knew that his own laboratory had conducted tests whose results significantly contradicted his claims that measles virus was not found in one of the children concerned in his study and he knew or should know that his belief that MMR should be divided into a single vaccine was really unfounded.
(ii) In propagating such fear, acting dishonestly and for mercenary motive in the matter, although he did not properly fail to disclose the truth, he planned a rival vaccine and products (such as diagnostic kits). based on his theory) that could make his fortune
(iii) Seriously abused children under his care by unethically performing extensive invasive procedures (in instances requiring three people to touch a child), thus forcing nurses to leave and causes severe concern and grief to his medical colleagues
(iv) Incorrectly and/or dishonestly failed to disclose to his colleagues and the public that his research on autistic children began with a contract with solicitors attempting to sue the manufacturers of the MMR vaccine
(v) Improperly or dishonestly lent his reputation to the International Child Development Resource Center, which promoted to extremely vulnerable parents expensive products whose validity (as he knew or should have known) has no scientific evidence
Eady’s decision states that, “The views or conclusions of the GMC disciplinary body are not, as far as I can tell, relevant or acceptable”, that Channel 4’s allegations “go fundamentally to destroy the professional integrity and honesty of the Claimant “, and that,” Does not seriously suggest that GMC proceedings should be given priority for resolving issues. ”
In December 2006, Deer released records obtained from the Legal Services Commission, showing that it paid £ 435,643 in undisclosed fees to Wakefield for the purpose of building a case against the MMR vaccine. [68] Those payments, reported by The Sunday Times, began two years before the publication of Wakefield’s paper in The Lancet. [58] Within days of Deer’s report, Wakefield dropped all of his libel actions [69] and was ordered to pay all of the defendants’ legal costs. [70] [71]
Other concerns
Wakefield’s data were also questioned; [72] a former graduate student, who appeared in Deer’s program, later testified that Wakefield ignored laboratory data that contradicted his hypothesis. An independent investigation by a collaborating laboratory questioned the accuracy of the data on which Wakefield’s statements were based. [73]
In June 2005, the BBC program Horizon reported on an unnamed and unpublished study of blood samples from a group of 100 autistic children and 200 children without autism. They reported that 99% of the samples were found to have no trace of the measles virus, and the samples containing the virus were most likely from non -autistic children, i.e., only three samples contained the measles virus, one from to one autistic child and two from a normally developing child. The authors of the study found no evidence of any link between MMR and autism. [74]
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the United States National Academy of Sciences, [75] along with the CDC [76] and the UK National Health Service, [77] found no link between vaccines and autism. Reviews in the medical literature also found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism or to bowel disease, which Wakefield called “autistic enterocolitis”. [78] [79] [80]
General Medical Council hearings
Between July 2007 and May 2010, a 217-day “fitness to practice” hearing by the UK General Medical Council examined charges of professional misconduct against Wakefield and two colleagues involved in the paper at The Lancet. [81] [82] The charges he has included:
“Paid to conduct a study of attorneys representing parents who believe their children have been harmed by MMR”. [81]Ordered investigations “without the child’s necessary qualifications” including colonoscopies, colon biopsies and lumbar punctures (“spinal taps”) on his research subjects without the approval of his department’s ethics board and con in the clinical interests of children, [81] when these diagnostic tests are not indicated by children’s symptoms or medical history.
when these diagnostic tests are not indicated by pediatric symptoms or medical history. “Acting‘ dishonestly and irresponsibly ’in failing to disclose … how patients were taken for the study” [81] as well as in his descriptions in the Lancet papers and in questions after the paper was published , about what diseases the children had, and when those diseases were observed in connection with their vaccination. [83] [84]: Verses 33–36, pp. 45–48
as well as in his descriptions in the Lancet papers and in the questions after the paper was published, about what diseases the children had, and when those diseases were observed in connection with their vaccination. “Conduct the study on the basis not approved by the hospital’s ethics committee.” [81]
Buy blood samples — at a cost of £ 5 each — from children present at his son’s birthday party, which Wakefield joked about at a later presentation. [81]
“[S] how insignificant disregard for any anxiety or pain that children may experience” [20]
Wakefield denied the allegations; [85] on 28 January 2010, the GMC ruled against Wakefield on all issues, stating that he had “failed in his duties as a responsible consultant”, [15] acted against the interests of his clients. patient, [15]] and “dishonest and irresponsible” in his controversial research. [16] On 24 May 2010, he was removed from the United Kingdom medical register. This was the most severe punishment the GMC could impose, and effectively ended his career as a physician. In announcing the decision, the GMC said Wakefield had “brought the medical profession to ruin”, and no penalty for deleting his name from the register was appropriate for “serious and extensive findings” of misconduct. [21] [86] On the same day, Wakefield’s autobiography, Callous Disregard was published, using the same words as one of the allegations against him (“he showed vain disregard for any anxiety or pain that children may experience “). [20] Wakefield argued that he was unfairly treated by the medical and scientific establishment. [87]
Allegations of fraud and conflict of interest
In February 2009, The Sunday Times reported that a further newspaper investigation revealed that Wakefield had “altered and erred in the results of his research, creating the appearance of a possible link to autism”, [88] citing of evidence obtained by the newspaper from the medical. records and interviews with witnesses, and supported by evidence presented to the GMC.
In April 2010, Deer expanded on the laboratory aspects of his findings in a BMJ report, which recounts how normal clinical histopathology results (obtained from the Royal Free hospital) have undergone wholesale changes, from normal to abnormal, in medical school and published in The Lancet. [89] On 2 January 2011, Deer provided two tables comparing data on twelve children, showing original hospital data and data with wholesale modifications as used in The Lancet article in 1998. [90]
On 5 January 2011, the BMJ published an article by Brian Deer entitled “How the case against the MMR vaccine was settled”. [91] Deer said that, based on reviewing the medical records of 12 children in the original study, his research found: [91] The paper in The Lancet was a case series of 12 pediatric patients; it reported a suggested “new syndrome” of enterocolitis and regressive autism and linked it to MMR as an “apparent initiating event.” But in fact: Three out of nine children reported with regressive autism had no autism diagnosed at all.Only one child clearly had regressive autism; Despite the paper saying all 12 children were “previously normal”, five documented pre-existing developmental concerns; Some children have been reported to experience the first behavioral symptoms within days of MMR, but records document that these begin several months after vaccination; In nine cases, the inconspicuous results of colonic histopathology — with no or little variability in inflammatory cell populations — were altered after a medical school’s “research review” on “non-specific colitis.” ; Parents of eight children reportedly blamed MMR, but 11 families made this allegation to the hospital. The exclusion of the three allegations — all of which give problems onset times in months — helped create the appearance of a 14 -day temporal link; Patients were recruited by anti-MMR campaigners, and the study was commissioned and funded for the planned trial. [91]
In an accompanying editorial, the BMJ editors said:
Clear evidence of data falsification should now close the door on the destructive fear of this vaccine … Who committed this fraud? There is no doubt that this is Wakefield. Is it possible that he was wrong, but not dishonest: that he was so incompetent that he could not evenly describe the project, or report even one of the 12 children’s cases accurately? No. A great deal of thought and effort must have been made in drafting the paper to achieve the results he desired: the differences led in one direction; serious misreporting. Moreover, although the size of the GMC’s 217-day hearing prevented additional charges directly related to fraud, he was found guilty by the panel of dishonest standards regarding the study’s acceptance criteria, the funding its Legal Aid Board, and his statements thereafter. [92]
The British Medical Journal editorial determined that Wakefield’s paper was a “detailed fraud”. [92] [93]
In a follow-up BMJ article on 11 January 2011, [37] Deer stated that Wakefield planned to use the threat of vaccination in MMR caused by his role. [94] He said that based on documents he obtained under the Freedom of information law, [10] Wakefield — co-father of one of the boys in the study — planned to launch an adventure behind a fear of MMR vaccination revenue from new medical tests and “trial -driven tests”. [62] [94] The Washington Post reported that Deer said Wakefield predicted that “he could earn more than $ 43 million a year from diagnostic kits” for the new condition, autistic enterocolitis. [10] According to Deer’s report to BMJ, the ventures, Immunospecifics Biotechnologies Ltd and Carmel Healthcare Ltd — named after Wakefield’s wife — failed after Wakefield’s superiors at University College London medical school gave him two pages letter stating:
We remain concerned about a possible serious conflict of interest between your academic work at UCL, and your involvement in Carmel … This concern originally arose because the company’s business plan appears to depend on premature , unreasonable in the scientific publication of results, which does not comply with the strict academic and scientific standards generally expected. [37]
WebMD reports Deer’s BMJ report, saying that $ 43 million of predicted annual revenue will come from marketing kits for “diagnosing patients with autism” and that “the initial market for diagnostics will be litigation-driven trials of patients with AE [autistic enterocolitis, an unproven condition developed by Wakefield] from the UK and US ”. [95] According to WebMD, the BMJ article also claims that Carmel Healthcare Ltd. will succeed in marketing products and developing a replacement vaccine if “public confidence in the MMR vaccine is damaged”. [95]
In October 2012, research published in PNAS, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, recognized Wakefield’s 1998 paper as the most cited revoked scientific paper, with 758 citations, and gave the “reason for in recovery “as” fraud “. [96]Journal retrieval
On 2 February 2010, The Lancet formally revoked Wakefield’s role in 1998. [97] [98] [99] The retrieval states: “The statements in the original paper that the children were‘ consecutively referenced ’and the investigations were‘ approved ’by the local ethics committee were proven wrong.” [18] The next day, the editor of a specialist journal, NeuroToxicology, has withdrawn another Wakefield paper that was in the press. The article, which deals with research in monkeys, was published online and sought to involve autism vaccines. [100]
In May 2010, The American Journal of Gastroenterology withdrew a Wakefield’s paper that used data from 12 patients in an article in The Lancet. [101]
On 5 January 2011, the editors of the British Medical Journal recommended that other Wakefield publications be reviewed and revoked if necessary. [40]
Wakefield’s response
In January 2011, Wakefield continued to maintain his innocence. In a press release, he said,
I want to make one thing clear for the record — my research and the serious medical problems found in those children were not a scam and there was not any fraud. Nor did I seek to profit from our findings … despite media reports to the contrary, the results of my research have doubled in five other countries … I continue to fully support more more independent research to determine if environmental triggers, including vaccines, cause autism and other developmental problems … Since the Lancet paper, I have lost my job, career and country. The claim that my motivation is profit is clearly untrue. I can’t help it — this issue is very important. [23]
In an Internet radio interview, Wakefield said the BMJ series was “utterly nonsensical” and denied “that he used the cases of 12 children in his studies to advance his business venture”. Deer filed financial disclosure forms and denied Wakefield’s claim that he was funded by the pharmaceutical industry. [94] According to CNN, Wakefield said the patent he holds is for “an ‘over-the-counter nutritional supplement’ that boosts the immune system”. [94] WebMD reported that Wakefield said he was the victim of “a ruthless, pragmatic attempt to crush any attempt to investigate valid vaccine safety concerns”. [95]
Wakefield said Deer was a “hit man brought to overthrow [him]” and other scientists just took Deer at his word. While at Anderson Cooper 360 °, he said he had not read the BMJ articles, but he denied the validity of them and denied that Deer interviewed the families of the children in the study. He also encouraged viewers to read his book, Callous Disregard, which he said would explain why he was being targeted, to which Anderson Cooper replied: “But sir, if you’re lying, your book is also a lie. If your. learning is a lie, your book is a lie. “[102] [103]
Wakefield later indicated that there was a conspiracy by public health officials and pharmaceutical companies to discredit him, including suggesting that they pay bloggers to post gossip about him on websites or that they artificially exaggerate reports of deaths from measles. [102]
Deer counter-response
Deer responded to Wakefield’s allegations by challenging Wakefield to sue him:
If it is true that Andrew Wakefield was not guilty as charged, he has the remedy to file a libel against myself, The Sunday Times of London, against the medical journal here, and he will be the richest man in America. [104]
Deer noted that all of Wakefield’s previous libel actions had been dismissed or revoked. [67] [104]
In January 2012, Wakefield filed a defamation lawsuit in Texas state court against Deer, Fiona Godlee, and BMJ for false allegations of fraud, seeking jury trial in Travis County. The filing identified Wakefield as a resident of Austin, [105] [106] and cited the “Texas Long-Arm Statute” as justification for initiating proceedings in Texas. The BMJ responded that it stood by its reports and “will vigorously defend the claim”.[107] [108] In August 2012, District Court Judge Amy Meachum dismissed Wakefield’s lawsuit for lack of jurisdiction. [109] [110] His decision was upheld on appeal in September 2014 and ordered Wakefield to pay all party costs. [111] [112]
On 5 April 2011, Deer was named UK specialist journalist of the year at the British Press Awards, organized by the Society of Editors. The judges said Deer’s investigation in Wakefield was a “massive correction to a mistake”. [113]
Epidemics, impacts, and acceptance
Doctors, medical journals, and editors have made statements linking Wakefield’s deceptive actions to various epidemics and deaths. [114] [115] [116] [117] [118 ] [119] Michael J. Smith, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Louisville, an “infectious disease expert who studied the impact of autism controversy on vaccination rates”, “Clearly, the results of this study [Wakefield] has effects. ” [120] [121] Wakefield’s study and his claim that the MMR vaccine could cause autism led to a decrease in vaccination rates in the United States, United Kingdom, and Ireland, and an equivalent increase in measles and mumps infections, resulting in severe illness and death. His continued claim that the vaccine is harmful has contributed to a climate of distrust of all vaccines and the re-emergence of other previously controlled diseases. [41] [72] [122 ]
The Associated Press said:
Vaccination rates in Britain have dropped from 92 per cent to 73 per cent, and as low as 50 per cent in some parts of London. The effect is less noticeable in the United States, but researchers estimate that as many as 125,000 U.S. children born in the late 1990s did not get the MMR vaccine because of the Wakefield splash. [120]
WWAY, an ABC affiliate in Wilmington, North Carolina, said:
Since the study of Dr. Andrew Wakefield was released in 1998, many parents are convinced that the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine can lead to autism. But that study may have done more harm than good. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States, more cases of measles were reported in 2008 than in any year since 1997. More than 90 percent of those infected have not been vaccinated, or their vaccination status is unknown. [119]
Paul Hébert, editor-in-chief of the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) said:
There was a huge impact from the Wakefield fiasco … It resulted in an entire anti-vaccine movement. Great Britain has seen outbreaks of measles. This probably resulted in many deaths. [28]
A profile in a New York Times Magazine article commented:
Andrew Wakefield has become one of the most despicable doctors of his generation, blamed directly and indirectly, depending on the accuser, for the irresponsible onset of panic with tragic side effects: vaccination rates are so low and childhood diseases were once eradicated — cough and measles. , among them — have reappeared, endangering young people. [102]
Journalist Brian Deer called for criminal charges against Wakefield. [104]
On 1 April 2011, the James Randi Educational Foundation awarded Wakefield the Pigasus Award for “refusing to face the truth”. [123]
A 2011 journal article described the vaccine-autism connection as “the most devastating medical deception in the last 100 years”. [124]
In 2011, Wakefield topped the list of worst doctors in 2011 on Medscape’s list of “Doctors of the Year: Best and Worst”. [125] In January 2012, Time magazine named Wakefield on a list of “Great Science Frauds”. [126] In 2012 he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement in Quackery award by the Good Thinking Society. [127]
A writer from The New York Times, covering an event in 2011 in Tomball, Texas where Wakefield spoke, was threatened by its organizer, Michelle Guppy: “Be kind to her, or we’ll hurt you. ” Guppy is the coordinator of the Houston Autism Disability Network. [102]
In June 2012, a local court in Rimini, Italy, ruled that MMR vaccination caused autism in a 15-month-old boy.The court relied heavily on Wakefield’s discredited Lancet paper and largely ignored the scientific evidence presented here. The decision was appealed. [128] On 13 February 2015, the decision was overturned by a Court of Appeals in Bologna. [129]
In February 2015, Wakefield denied he had any responsibility for the measles epidemic that began at Disneyland. He also reaffirmed his discredited belief that “MMR contributes to the current autism epidemic”. [25] During that time, at least 166 cases of measles were reported. Paul Offit disagreed, saying the outbreak was “directly related to Dr. Wakefield’s theory”. [130]
Filmmaker Miranda Bailey followed Wakefield and his wife Carmel and their children for five years filming a documentary about Wakefield as a man, The Pathological Optimist. According to Robert Ladendorf writing for Skeptical Inquirer magazine, Bailey tried to stay neutral and add a “human touch”, which Ladendorf said was successful. Wakefield was portrayed “as a soft -spoken but troubled family man trying to revive his reputation and raise money for his legal fund.” [131]
In 2018, The Skeptic awarded Wakefield the Rusty Razor award “for pseudoscience and bad critical thinking.” [132] [133] The award is decided annually by readers ’votes. Editor Deborah Hyde said, “Our contributors clearly felt that the harm against vaccination was still a current issue, despite the public’s initial attention to Mr. an organization that was getting good news there – the evidence was overwhelming. that vaccination is safe. Protect your children and your community by using it. “[134]
In 2022, Wakefield’s fraudulent study was included in a list of “11 of the greatest lies in history”. [135]
Political activism
Wakefield is scheduled to testify before the Oregon Senate Health Care Committee on March 9, 2015, in opposition to Senate Bill 442, [136] “a bill that would remove non-medical exemptions from the school’s immunization law. Oregon “. He was invited by the Oregon Chiropractic Association. The committee chairman canceled the meeting “after it became clear” Wakefield planned to testify. He denied that his decision had anything to do with Wakefield’s plans. [137]
On April 24, 2015, Wakefield received two standing ovations from students at Life Chiropractic College West when he told them to oppose Senate Bill 277 (SB 277), a bill that proposes eliminating non medical vaccine not included. [138] Wakefield has previously been a feature speaker at a 2014 “California Jam” gathering of chiropractors, [139] as well as at a 2015 “California Jam” seminar, with continuing education credits, sponsored by Life Chiropractic College West. [140] On July 3, 2015, Wakefield participated in a protest held in Santa Monica, California, against SB 277, [141] a recently enacted bill that removed the personal belief exemption from school vaccination requirements in California state law. [142]
Regarding his advocacy against the vaccine, Wakefield has been described as a conspiracy theorist in ThinkProgress, [143] The Washington Post, [144] The Guardian, [145] the Los Angeles Times, [146] Forbes, [147] Wired, [148] the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [149] and Paul Offit. [150]
Vaxxed film
In 2016, Wakefield directed the anti-vaccination propaganda film Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe. [151] [152] [153] [154] [155] The film seeks to show “a horrific cover-up made by a government agency charged with protecting the health of American citizens [the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)] … a disturbing deception that contributed to the rising rise of autism and potentially the most catastrophic epidemic in our lives. ”[156] The film was removed from New York’s 2016 Tribeca Film Festival after the festival’s founder Robert De Niro (with child with autism) reversed his decision to include it. [157] The film was also scheduled to be released in the Mairie de Paris but was then moved to a small private cinema.[158] Wakefield called this act censorship. [159] Ian Lipkin, professor of epidemiology and director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, writing in The Wall Street Journal, said: “If Vaxxed is submitted as science fiction, it deserves attention for in the story line, character development and dialogue.But as a documentary, it misrepresents what science knows about autism, undermines public confidence in the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, and attacks the integrity of vaccines. legitimate scientists and public health officials. “[160]
Selected publications
Books
Journal articles
See also
Stars
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