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Raymond Boulanger was in the spotlight when he was arrested in November 1992. He was a bush pilot and adventurer by trade. He was sentenced to two decades on charges of importing the largest cocaine in Canadian history.
Before the arrest, Raymond even worked for the leaders of the Colombian cartels. After his release from prison, he reportedly retired from his mail job and worked with the Montreal-area friend.
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Raymond Boulanger
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10 Facts On Raymond Boulanger
Where is Raymond Boulanger from? Raymond Boulanger is from the Rimouski region of Quebec, Canada. So he is Canadian by nationality. Also, his ethnicity could be White. Raymond Boulanger’s age and birthday remain secret at the moment. But la Presse confirmed that he was 65 years old in March 2013. So Raymond’s age could be 72 to 73 now. Raymond Boulanger has never given any hints about his possible love life with his wife. He still prefers to keep the details of his private life private. Likewise, Raymond Boulanger’s family background remains a mystery. The entities of his parents and siblings have yet to be determined. Raymond Boulanger obtained his pilot’s licenses at a very young age and began working as a bush pilot. According to lapresse.ca, he began transporting drugs in the 1970s. At that time he established connections with the leaders of the Colombian cartels. He even trained bush pilots. Earlier, Raymond managed to evade the cops twice even after his arrest; 1998 and 2000. At that time he was even knapped by a small Marxist group. Cartels later freed him by paying a ransom. Raymond Boulanger’s exact net worth remains a secret at the moment. As soon as it is available we will update the fact. Raymond was sentenced for a long time. Therefore, his biography is not available on Wikipedia and IMDB. Under Raymond’s biography, the television series Le dernier vol de Raymond Boulanger has been broadcast since 2020.
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Nadia Boulanger – Wikipedia
Juliette Nadia Boulanger was a French music teacher and conductor. She taught many of the leading composers and musicians of the 20th century, and also …
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Rock Machine Motorcycle Club – Wikipedia
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Nadia Boulanger
French musician and teacher (1887–1979)
musical artist
Juliette Nadia Boulanger (French: [ʒyljɛt nadja bulɑ̃ʒe] (; September 16, 1887 – October 22, 1979) was a French music teacher and conductor. She taught many of the leading composers and musicians of the 20th century and also performed occasionally as a pianist and organist on.[1]
Coming from a musical family, she achieved early honors as a student at the Conservatoire de Paris, but believing she had no particular talent as a composer, she gave up writing and became a teacher. In this capacity she influenced generations of young composers, particularly from the United States and other English-speaking countries. Among her students were many important composers, soloists, arrangers and conductors, including Grażyna Bacewicz, Burt Bacharach, Daniel Barenboim, Lennox Berkeley, İdil Biret, Elliott Carter, Aaron Copland, John Eliot Gardiner, Philip Glass, Roy Harris, Quincy Jones, Dinu Lipatti, Igor Markevitch, Astor Piazzolla, Virgil Thomson, and George Walker.[2]
Boulanger taught in the US and England and worked with music academies including the Juilliard School, Yehudi Menuhin School, Longy School, Royal College of Music and Royal Academy of Music, but her main base for most of her life was hers Family apartment in Paris, where she taught for most of the seven decades from the beginning of her career until her death at the age of 92.
Boulanger was the first woman to conduct many major orchestras in America and Europe, including the BBC Symphony, Boston Symphony, Hallé and Philadelphia Orchestras. She conducted several world premieres, including works by Copland and Stravinsky.
Biography[edit]
Early life and education[edit]
Nadia Boulanger was born in Paris on September 16, 1887, the daughter of French composer and pianist Ernest Boulanger (1815–1900) and his wife Raissa Myshetskaya (1856–1935), a Russian princess descended from St. Mikhail Tchernigovsky.[ 3]
Ernest Boulanger had studied at the Paris Conservatory and won the coveted Prix de Rome for composition in 1835 at the age of 20. He wrote comic operas and incidental music for plays, but was best known for his choral music. He has made a name for himself as leader of choral groups, singing teacher and jury member of choral competitions. After years of rejection, he was appointed professor of singing at the Paris Conservatory in 1872.
Raissa qualified as a tutor (or governess) in 1873. According to Ernest, he and Raissa met in Russia in 1873 and she followed him back to Paris. She entered his singing class at the Conservatory in 1876 and they married in Russia in 1877. Ernest and Raissa had one daughter, Ernestine Mina Juliette, who died as an infant before Nadia was born on her father’s 72nd birthday.
Although both parents were very active in music, in her early years Nadia would get excited when listening to music and would hide until she stopped. In 1892, when Nadia was five years old, Raissa became pregnant again. During the pregnancy, Nadia’s response to music changed drastically. “One day I heard a bell of fire. Instead of screaming and hiding, I ran to the piano and tried to mimic the sounds. My parents were amazed.”[7] Boulanger then paid close attention to her father’s singing lessons and began to study the fundamentals of music.
Her sister, named Marie-Juliette Olga but known as Lili Boulanger, was born in 1893 when Nadia was six years old. When Ernest brought Nadia home from her friends’ house before she was allowed to see her mother or Lili, he solemnly made her promise to be responsible for the new baby’s well-being. He urged her to help take care of her sister.
From the age of seven, Nadia prepared for her entrance exams for the conservatory by sitting in on their classes and taking private lessons with the teachers. Lili often stayed in the room for these hours, sitting quietly and listening.
In 1896, nine-year-old Nadia entered the conservatory. She studied there with Fauré and others. She placed third in the Solfège competition in 1897 and subsequently worked to win first prize in 1898. She took private lessons from Louis Vierne and Alexandre Guilmant. During this time she also received religious instruction as a practicing Catholic and took her first communion on May 4, 1899. The Catholic religion remained important to her for the rest of her life.
In 1900 her father Ernest died and money became a problem for the family. Raissa had an extravagant lifestyle and the royalties she received for performing Ernest’s music were not enough to sustain her permanently. Nadia continued to work hard at the conservatory to become a teacher and help support her family.
In 1903 Nadia won the Conservatory’s first prize in harmony; she continued to study for years, although she had begun to earn money through organ and piano performances. She studied composition with Gabriel Fauré and took first place in three categories at the 1904 competitions: organ, piano accompaniment and fugue (composition). During her accompaniment exams, Boulanger met Raoul Pugno, a renowned French pianist, organist and composer, who later took an interest in her career.
In the autumn of 1904, Nadia began teaching in the family apartment at 36 rue Ballu.[16] In addition to the private lessons she taught there, Boulanger began teaching group lessons in analysis and sight-reading on Wednesday afternoons. She continued this almost until her death. This class was followed by her famous “at home,” salons where students could mingle with professional musicians and Boulanger’s other art friends such as Igor Stravinsky, Paul Valéry, Fauré, and others.[16]
professional life[edit]
After leaving the Conservatory in 1904 and before her sister’s untimely death in 1918, Boulanger was an enthusiastic composer, encouraged by both Pugno and Fauré. Caroline Potter, writing in the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, says of Boulanger’s music: “Her musical language is often very chromatic (though always tonally based), and Debussy’s influence is evident.” Prix de Rome, as her father had done, and she worked tirelessly at it, in addition to her increasing teaching and performing responsibilities. She first submitted papers for judging in 1906, but did not make it past the first round. In 1907 she reached the finals but again failed to win.
In late 1907 she was appointed to the newly created Conservatoire Femina-Musica to teach elementary piano and piano accompaniment. She was also employed as an assistant to Henri Dallier, Professor of Harmony at the Conservatory.
At the 1908 Prix de Rome competition, Boulanger caused a stir by submitting an instrumental fugue instead of the prescribed vocal fugue. The issue was taken up by the national and international newspapers and was only resolved when the French Minister for Public Relations ordered that Boulanger’s work should be judged on its musical merit alone. She won the second Grand Prix for her cantata La Sirène.
In 1908, Boulanger and Pugno not only composed piano duets in public concerts, but co-wrote a song cycle, Les Heures claires, which was so well received that they were encouraged to continue collaborating. Still hoping for a Grand Prix de Rome, Boulanger entered the competition in 1909 but failed to secure a place in the final round. Later that year her sister Lili, then sixteen, announced to the family her intention of becoming a composer and winning the Prix de Rome herself.
In 1910 Annette Dieudonné became a pupil of Boulanger and stayed with her for the next fourteen years. When her studies were over, she began teaching the basics of music and solfège to Boulanger’s students. She was Boulanger’s close friend and assistant for the rest of her life.
Boulanger attended the premiere of Diaghilev’s ballet The Firebird in Paris, to music by Stravinsky. She immediately recognized the young composer’s genius and began a lifelong friendship with him.
In April 1912, Nadia Boulanger made her debut as a conductor, directing the orchestra Société des Matinées Musicales. They performed her 1908 cantata La Sirène, two of her songs and Pugnos’ Concertstück for piano and orchestra. The composer played as a soloist.
Lili Boulanger became the first woman to win the Prix de Rome in 1913.[27]
With the advent of war in Europe in 1914, public programs were reduced and Boulanger was forced to put her performing and conducting on hold. She continued to teach privately and assisted Dallier at the conservatory. Nadia became involved in Lili’s expanding war work, and by the end of the year the sisters had founded a sizable charity, the Comité Franco-Américain du Conservatoire National de Musique et de Déclamation. It delivered items such as food, clothing, money and letters from home to soldiers who had been musicians before the war.
Debilitated by her work during the war, Lili began to fall ill. She died in March 1918.
Life after Lili’s death, 1918–21 [ edit ]
Nadia was struggling with the death of her sister and, according to Jeanice Brooks, “The dichotomy between private grief and public strength was strongly characteristic of Boulanger’s state of mind immediately after World War I. It seems guilt at having survived her talented sister led to a determination to deserve Lili’s death, which Nadia described as a redeeming sacrifice by throwing herself into work and domestic responsibilities: as Nadia wrote in her diary in January 1919 : “I lay before you this new year, my little beloved Lili – May it see that I fulfill my duty to you – so that it may be less terrible for mother and I try to resemble you.'”[29]
In 1919, Boulanger appeared in more than twenty concerts, often programming her own music and that of her sister.[30] Since the Conservatoire Femina-Musica had been closed during the war, Alfred Cortot and Auguste Mangeot founded a new music school in Paris, which opened later that year as the Écolenormal de musique de Paris. Boulanger was invited by Cortot to join the school, where she taught harmony, counterpoint, music analysis, organ and composition.
Mangeot also asked Boulanger to contribute music-critical articles to his newspaper, Le Monde Musical, and she occasionally contributed articles to that and other newspapers for the rest of her life, although she never felt comfortable recording her opinions in this way for posterity. [31]
In 1920 Boulanger began composing again, writing a number of songs to words by Camille Mauclair. In 1921 she performed at two concerts in support of women’s rights, both of which featured music by Lili.[32] However, later in her life she claimed that she had never delved into feminism and that women should not have the right to vote because they lacked “the necessary political sophistication”.[33]
American School at Fontainebleau, 1921–1935[ edit ]
Fontainebleau Castle
In the summer of 1921, the French music school for Americans was opened in Fontainebleau, and Boulanger was listed on the program as a professor of harmony.[34] Her close friend Isidor Philipp directed the piano departments of both the Paris Conservatory and the new Fontainebleau School, and was a major magnet for American students. She instituted the custom, which would last for the rest of her life, of inviting the best students to her summer residence in Gargenville for a weekend for lunch and dinner. Among the students who attended the first year at Fontainebleau was Aaron Copland.[35]
Boulanger’s relentless schedule of teaching, performing, composing, and writing letters began to affect her health. She often had migraines and toothaches. She stopped writing as a critic for the musical Le Monde because she was unable to attend the required concerts. To maintain her standard of living and that of her mother, she focused on teaching, which was her most lucrative source of income.[36] Fauré believed that she was wrong to stop composing, but she told him, “If there’s one thing I’m sure of, it’s that I’ve written useless music.”[37]
In 1924, Walter Damrosch, Arthur Judson and the New York Symphony Society organized a US tour for Boulanger. She put to sea on Christmas Eve on the Cunard flagship RMS Aquitania. The ship arrived in New York on New Year’s Eve after an extremely bumpy crossing.[38] During this tour she performed solo organ works, Lili pieces and premiered Copland’s new symphony for organ and orchestra, which he had written for her. She returned to France on February 28, 1925.[39]
Later that year, Boulanger approached the publishers Schirmer to ask if they would be interested in publishing their methods of teaching music to children. When nothing came of it, she gave up trying to write about her ideas.[40]
Gershwin visited Boulanger in 1927 and asked for composition lessons. They talked for half an hour, after which Boulanger announced, “I can’t teach you anything.” Gershwin took this as a compliment and repeated the story many times.[41]
The global economic crisis increased social tensions in France. Days after the Stavisky riots in February 1934 and in the midst of a general strike, Boulanger resumed conducting. She made her Parisian debut with the orchestra of the École Normale in a program by Mozart, Bach and Jean Françaix.[42] Boulanger’s private tuition continued; Elliott Carter recalled that students who didn’t dare cross Paris through the riots only showed they “didn’t take music seriously enough”.[43] At the end of the year she conducted the Orchester Philharmonique de Paris in the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées with a program by Bach, Monteverdi and Schütz.[44]
Her mother Raissa died in March 1935 after a long decline. This freed Boulanger from some of her ties to Paris that had prevented her from accepting teaching opportunities in the United States.[40]
Tours and recordings [ edit ]
In 1936, Boulanger replaced Alfred Cortot in some of his piano master classes, teaching the students Mozart’s piano works.[45] Later in the year she traveled to London to broadcast her lecture-recitals for the BBC, conducting works by Schütz, Fauré and Lennox Berkeley. Known as the first woman to conduct the London Philharmonic Orchestra, she has received acclaim for her performances.[46]
Boulanger’s longstanding passion for Monteverdi culminated in her recording of six CDs of madrigals for HMV in 1937, bringing his music to a new, wider audience.[47] Not all reviewers approved of their use of modern instruments.[48]
When Hindemith published The Craft of Musical Composition, Boulanger asked permission to translate the text into French and add his own comments. Hindemith never responded to her offer. After he fled Nazi Germany to the United States, the matter was not discussed further.[49]
In late 1937 Boulanger returned to Britain to broadcast for the BBC and give their popular recitals. In November she became the first woman to conduct a full concert of the Royal Philharmonic Society in London, including Fauré’s Requiem and Monteverdi’s Amor (Lamento della ninfa).[50] Describing their concerts, Mangeot wrote:
She never moves louder than in mezzoforte and enjoys veiled, murmuring sounds, which she nevertheless lends great expressiveness. She arranges her dynamic levels in such a way that she never needs fortissimo…[51]
In 1938, Boulanger returned to the United States for an extended tour. She had arranged to give a series of lectures at Radcliffe, Harvard, Wellesley and the Longy School of Music and to broadcast for NBC. During this tour she became the first woman to conduct the Boston Symphony Orchestra. In her three months there she gave over a hundred lecture recitals, recitals and concerts[52], including the world premiere of Stravinsky’s Dumbarton Oaks Concerto. It was around this time that she was seen by the American sculptor Katharine Lane Weems, who noted in her diary: ‘Her voice is surprisingly deep. She is quite slender with an excellent figure and fine features, her skin is delicate, her hair is slightly gray, she wears tongs -nez and gestures when she talks excitedly about music.”[53]
HMV released two more Boulanger records in 1938: the Piano Concerto in D by Jean Françaix, which she conducted; and the Brahms Liebeslieder waltzes, in which she and Dinu Lipatti were the duo pianists with a vocal ensemble, and (again with Lipatti) a selection of the Brahms waltzes, Op. 39 for piano four hands.[54]
During Boulanger’s American tour the following year, she became the first woman to conduct the New York Philharmonic Orchestra at Carnegie Hall, the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Washington National Symphony Orchestra. She gave 102 lectures in 118 days in the USA.[55]
World War II and Emigration, 1940–45 [ edit ]
With World War II looming, Boulanger helped her students leave France. She made plans for it herself. Stravinsky joined them in Gargenville, where they awaited news of the German attack on France.[56] Boulanger waited until the last moment before invading and occupying France, arriving in New York on November 6, 1940 via Madrid and Lisbon.[57] Upon her arrival, Boulanger traveled to the Longy School of Music, Cambridge, to teach harmony, fugue, counterpoint and advanced composition.[58] In 1942 she also began teaching at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore. Her classes included music history, harmony, counterpoint, fugue, orchestration, and composition.[59]
Later life in Paris, 1946–79[ edit ]
She left America at the end of 1945 and returned to France in January 1946. There she accepted a professorship for piano accompaniment at the Paris Conservatory.[60] In 1953 she was appointed general director of the Fontainebleau School.[61] She also continued her tours to other countries.
A longtime family friend and official bandmaster for the Prince of Monaco, Boulanger was asked in 1956 to organize the music for the wedding of Prince Rainier of Monaco and American actress Grace Kelly.[62] In 1958 she returned to the United States for a six-week tour. She combined radio, lectures and made four television films.[63]
Also in 1958 she was accepted as an honorary member of Sigma Alpha Iota, the international women’s music association, by the Gamma Delta chapter at the Crane School of Music in Potsdam, New York.[64]
In 1962 she toured Turkey, conducting concerts with her young protégé Idil Biret.[65] Later that year she was invited to the United States White House by President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline,[66] and in 1966 she was invited to Moscow to serve as a jury member for the International Tchaikovsky Competition chaired by Emil Gilels.[ 67] In England she taught at the Yehudi Menuhin School. She also lectured at the Royal College of Music and the Royal Academy of Music, all of which were broadcast by the BBC.[67]
Her sight and hearing began to fail towards the end of her life. On August 13, 1977, just before her 90th birthday, she was given a surprise birthday party in the English Garden of Fontainebleau. The school’s chef had prepared a large cake that read “1887 – Happy Birthday, Nadia Boulanger – Fontainebleau, 1977”. When the cake was served, 90 small white candles floating on the pond lit the area. Boulanger’s protégé at the time, Emile Naoumoff, performed a piece he had composed for the occasion.[69] Boulanger worked in Paris almost until her death in 1979. She is buried with her sister Lili and her parents in Montmartre Cemetery.
Pedagogy [edit]
36 rue Ballu, Paris
When asked about the difference between a job well done and a masterpiece, Boulanger replied:
I can tell if a piece is well done or not, and I believe that there are conditions without which masterpieces cannot be achieved, but I also believe that what makes a masterpiece cannot be determined. I’m not saying that the criterion for a masterpiece doesn’t exist, but I don’t know what it is.[70]
She claimed to enjoy all “good music”. According to Lennox Berkeley, “A good waltz is as valuable to her as a good fugue, and that is because she judges a work solely on its aesthetic content.”[71] “She was an admirer of Debussy and a pupil of Ravel . Although she had little sympathy for Schoenberg and the Vienna Dodecaphonists, she was an ardent supporter of Stravinsky.”[69]
She insisted on full attention at all times: “Those who act inattentively waste their lives. I would even go so far as to say that life is denied by a lack of attention, whether it be washing windows” or trying to write a masterpiece.”[72]
In 1920 two of her favorite students left her to marry. She thought they betrayed their work with her and her commitment to music. Her attitude towards women in music was contradictory: despite Lili’s success and her own importance as a teacher, she maintained throughout her life that it was a woman’s duty to be a wife and mother.[73] According to Ned Rorem, she would “always give her male students the benefit of the doubt while overtaxing the females”.[74] She saw teaching as a pleasure, a privilege and a duty:[75] “No one is obliged to teach. It poisons your life when you teach and it bores you.”[76]
Boulanger accepted students from all backgrounds; their only criterion was that they had to learn. She treated students differently based on their ability: her talented students were expected to answer the most rigorous questions and do well under stress. The less able students who did not pursue a music career were treated more leniently,[77] and Michel Legrand claimed that those who did not like them were graduated with a first prize within a year: “The good students never got a reward, so they stayed. I was [there] for seven years. And I’ve never received a first prize.”[78] Each student must be approached differently: “When you take on a new student, the first thing you try to do is understand what their natural gift is, what intuitive gift they have. Each one represents a special one problem.”[79] “It doesn’t matter what style you use, as long as you use it consistently.”[80] Boulanger used a variety of teaching methods, including traditional harmony, piano score reading, species counterpoint, analysis, and sight singing (using from firm Do Solfège).[80]
When looking at a student’s score for the first time, she would often comment on its relation to the work of various composers: ‘[T]he bars have the same harmonic progressions as Bach’s F major Prelude and Chopin’s F major Ballad. Can’t you think of something more interesting?”[81] Virgil Thomson found this process frustrating: “Anyone who allowed her to tell him what to do next in any piece would do that piece before his eyes through the use of see routine recipes ruined and bromides from the standard repertoire.”[74] Copland recalled that “she had but one overarching principle…the creation of what she called la grande ligne – the long line in music.”[82] She frowned upon innovation for innovation’s sake: “When you write your own music, never make an effort to avoid the obvious.”[83] She said, “You need established language and then within that established language freedom to be yourself It’s always necessary to be yourself – that’s a sign of genius in itself.”[84] Quincy Jones says Boulanger told him: “Your music can never be more or less than you as a person.”[85 ]
She always claimed that she could not instill creativity in her students, but only help them become intelligent musicians who knew the craft of composing. “I can’t give anyone inventiveness, nor can I take it away; I can just give the freedom to read, to listen, to see, to understand.”[86] Only inspiration can make the difference between a well-made piece and an artistic one.[87] She believed that all one had to achieve was a desire to learn, to get better, provided the right amount of work was put in. She cited the examples of Rameau (who wrote his first opera at fifty), Wojtowicz (who became a concert pianist at thirty-one), and Roussel (who did not have professional access to music until twenty-five) as counter-arguments to the idea that great artists always come from talented ones children.[88]
Her memory was amazing: by the time she was twelve, she knew Bach’s entire Well-Tempered Clavier by heart.[89] Students have described that she knows every major piece by every major composer. Copland remembers
Nadia Boulanger knew everything about music; she knew the oldest and newest music, before Bach and after Stravinsky. All technical knowledge was at her disposal: harmonic transposition, figured bass, reading music, organ registration, instrumental techniques, structural analysis, the school fugue and the free fugue, the Greek keys and Gregorian chant.[82]
Murray Perahia recalled being “impressed by the rhythm and character” with which she played a line from a Bach fugue. Janet Craxton recalled hearing Boulanger’s Bach chorales on the piano as “the greatest single musical experience of my life”.[92]
Honors and awards[edit]
Key works[ edit ]
vocal
Allons voir sur le lac d’argent (A. Silvestre), 2 voices, piano, 1905
Ecoutez la chanson bien douce (Verlaine), 1 part, orchestra, 1905
Les sirènes (Grandmougin), female choir, orchestra, 1905
A l’aube (Silvestre), chorus, orchestra, 1906
A l’hirondelle (Sully Prudhomme), chorus, orchestra, 1908
La sirène (E. Adenis/Desveaux), 3 parts, orchestra, 1908
Dnégouchka (G. Delaquys), 3 voices, orchestra, 1909
Over 30 songs for 1 voice, piano, incl.:
Extase (Hugo) Bataille), 1909 Soir d’hiver (N. Boulanger), 1915 Au bord de la nuit, Chanson, Le couteau, Doute, L’échange (Mauclair), 1922 J’ai frappé (R. de Marquein) , 1922
chamber and solo works
3 pieces, organ, 1911, arr. cello, piano
3 pieces, piano, 1914
Pièce sur des airs populares flamands, organ, 1917
Vers la vie nouvelle, Piano, 1917
Orchestral
Allegro, 1905
Fantaisie variée, piano, orchestra, 1912
With Raoul Pugno
Les heures claires (Verhaeren), 8 songs, 1 part, piano, 1909
La ville morte (d’Annunzio), opera, 1910–13
Recordings [ edit ]
Mademoiselle: Premiere Audience – Unknown Music by Nadia Boulanger, Delos DE 3496 (2017)
Homage to Nadia Boulanger, Cascavelle VEL 3081 (2004)
BBC Legends: Nadia Boulanger, BBCL 40262 (1999)
Remarkable women. Koch International Classics B000001SKH (1997)
Chamber music by French women composers. Classic Talent B000002K49 (2000)
Le Baroque Avant Le Baroque. EMI Classic France B000CS43RG (2006)
Notes [edit]
Rock Machine Motorcycle Club
Outlaw Motorcycle Club
The Rock Machine Motorcycle Club (RMMC) or Rock Machine is an international outlaw motorcycle club formed in 1986 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It has eighteen Canadian chapters spread across seven provinces. It also has nine chapters in the United States and eleven chapters in Australia, with chapters also in 24 other countries worldwide. It was founded in 1986 by Salvatore Cazzetta and his brother Giovanni Cazzetta. The Rock Machine competed with the Hells Angels for control of the street-level drug trade in Quebec.[2] In the Quebec Biker War, the Rock Machine formed an alliance with a number of other organizations to take on the Hells Angels.[3][page needed] The conflict took place between 1994 and 2002 and resulted in over 160 deaths and over 300 wounded. Another 100+ were imprisoned.[4]
Common nicknames for the organization include “RM”, “Black & Platinum”, “RMMC” and “1813”. The Rock Machine Club’s official motto is “A La Vie A La Mort” or “To the Life Until Death”. The club also owns a patch that reads “RMFFRM” which stands for “Rock Machine Forever, Forever Rock Machine”, an extremely common tradition among outlaw motorcycle clubs.
The Rock Machine Motorcycle Club was granted “hang-around” club status in May 1999 and after eighteen months became a trial chapter of the Bandidos Motorcycle Club on December 1, 2000. Bandidos National Officer Edward Winterhalder was tasked with overseeing the transition from George Wegers, President of Bandidos International. The original Rock Machine (1986-1999) release in Canada changed colors from black and platinum to red and gold in May 1999; Their colors remained red and gold until they became “full-patch” Bandidos on December 1, 2001. In a “patch-over” ceremony at the clubhouse of Rock Machine’s Kingston Chapter.
A second iteration of the Rock Machine was formed in 2008 led by Sean “Crazy Dog” Brown and adopted the original black and platinum patch colors.[4]
The club’s racial policy is all-inclusive and has members from a variety of ethnicities around the world, including African Canadians/Americans. Although the group uses the Waffen-SS double flash on one of their patches, this is mainly to respect the historical roots of the club, as opposed to the racial meaning of the symbol, as a large number of their founding members are part of the SS motorcycle club It is also worn due to its status in the motorcycle community. It is considered a symbol of outlaws as society dictates that it should not be worn. As such, outlaws usually wear it as a sign of rebellion against societal standards as opposed to racial ideology.
Since 2007. The club has spread across Canada and several other countries worldwide including the United States, Australia, Germany, Russia, Switzerland, Hungary, Belgium, New Zealand, Sweden, Serbia, Norway, France, South Africa, England and Spain, Georgia, Hong Kong, Kosovo, Kuwait, Armenia, Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines and Turkey. As of 2022, the Rock Machine Motorcycle Club has formed over 120 chapters across 5 continents since its inception. In the 2000s, the Rock Machine allied with another international Canadian motorcycle club, the Loners Motorcycle Club.[5]
Early history [edit]
Around 1982, Salvatore Cazzetta was a member of the SS, a white supremacist motorcycle gang based in Pointe-aux-Trembles, on the eastern tip of Montreal Island. The club was also known as the SS Merciless Riders. Colleague SS Maurice Boucher befriended Cazzetta, and as the club’s leaders, the two became candidates to join the Hells Angels as that club expanded into Canada.[6] Giovanni Cazzetta had joined the Outlaws Motorcycle Club at a young age and had been involved in the First Motorcycle War. He was a member of the Quebec organization until 1984 when he left to join his brother in the SS Motorcycle Club.
A Lennoxville, Quebec Hells Angels chapter suspected in March 1985 that the Laval chapter was interfering with drug profits through personal use of products intended for sale.[2] It is believed that inviting the Laval chapter to a chapter party in Lennoxville resulted in the ambush and death of five Laval members. Two months after the party, divers found the decomposing bodies of the victims at the bottom of the St. Lawrence River, wrapped in sleeping bags and tied to weightlifting plates.[6] The event became known as the “Lennoxville Massacre,” and its extreme nature earned the Quebec chapter of the Hells Angels an infamous reputation. Cazzetta viewed the event as an unforgivable violation of the outlaw code and formed his own club, the Rock Machine, with his brother Giovanni in 1986 rather than affiliate with the Hells Angels. They recruited some of the best talent and formed alliances with the Rizzuto crime family, the West End Gang, and the Dubois Gang. Giovanni Cazzetta would hold the position of deputy. Only Salvatore would have more influence.[6]
Fred Faucher, future president of Rock Machine National, later said, “Sal once told me, ‘These guys (Hells Angels) run their club in such a way that I didn’t want to join them'”. The founding members of the Rock Machine were Salvatore Cazzetta, his younger brother Giovanni and some close friends of theirs, many of whom were members of the SS Motorcycle Club. Other founding members included Paul “Sasquatch” Porter, Johnny Plescio, Andrew “Curly” Sauvageau, Renaud Jomphe, Gilles Lambert, Martin Bourget, Richard “Bam Bam” Lagacé, Serge Pinel, and several others. On the surface, the Rock Machine ran businesses like tattoo parlors and bars and motorcycle repair shops, where the group really benefited was the sale of narcotics and other prohibited goods. Since the Rock Machine charged much less for their cocaine than the Hells Angels, the gang quickly gained large market share in the Montreal area. The Hells Angels had been severely weakened by the Lennoxville massacre of March 24, 1985, when five members of the Angels chapter were shot dead by their peers in Laval. Thereafter, the vacuum was filled by a series of Montreal-based organized crime groups the Rock Machine, and it was not until the early 1990s that the Angels once again became a major force in Montreal organized crime.[9] Initially, Rock Machine members chose not to wear Hells Angels-style leather vests, which members could easily identify, and instead wore eagle-insigned rings (this would last until 1995, with the introduction of three-piece vests).
Gold ring for members of the Rock Machine
The Rock Machine’s First Patch (1995)
The Rock Machine Club’s official motto is “A La Vie A La Mort” or “To the Life Until Death”. The club has a patch that reads “RMFFRM” which stands for “Rock Machine Forever, Forever Rock Machine,” which is very common among outlaw motorcycle clubs.[2]
In April 1992, Giovanni Cazzetta was arrested by the police and charged with drug trafficking. Police found he was in a position of three kilograms of cocaine valued at around US$120,000 (modern equivalent when adjusted for inflation of US$246,000). He pleaded guilty to four counts the following spring and was sentenced to four years in prison. Giovanni was released in 1997 and briefly took part in the upcoming conflict.[11] [Self-published source] Marice Boucher, released after serving a forty-month sentence on armed sexual assault charges, joined the Hells Angels and was subsequently promoted through the ranks of the club. The Hells Angels and Rock Machine coexisted peacefully for many years, a situation police officials said was due to Boucher’s respect for his girlfriend Cazzetta and her ties to the Quebec Mafia, the only organized crime group the motorcycle gangs were unwilling to attack.[2 ][6]
Quebec Biker War[ edit ]
Rock Machine Motorcycle Club founder Salvatore Cazzetta was arrested in 1994 at a pit bull farm in Fort Erie, Ontario. He was accused of attempting to import more than eleven tons (22,000 pounds) of cocaine valued at an estimated $275 million (adjusted for inflation, the 2021 value is $513,238,697). Claude Vézina, who was president of the Quebec City chapter at the time, became the new national president of the Rock Machine. Renaud Jomphe was appointed President of the Montreal Chapter, while Marcel Demers became President of the Quebec City Chapter, eventually inaugurating the Beauport Chapter in late 1996.
Recently promoted Hells Angels Montreal president Boucher began ramping up pressure on the Rock Machine shortly after the arrest, sparking the Quebec Biker War. The local Rock Machine Motorcycle Club formed an affiliation, the Alliance, with Montreal crime families like the Pelletier Clan, Dark Circle, and other independent dealers who wanted to resist attempts by the Hells Angels to establish a street-level monopoly on the city’s drug trade .[4][12] A fierce turf war with the Hells Angels ensued. The Rock Machine MC, its support clubs, and the Pelletier clan would provide manpower, while the Dark Circle would provide funding. The Dark Circle’s leadership was governed by a five-member committee. Chairman was Michel Duclos[13]
Boucher organized “doll clubs” to persuade Rock Machine-controlled bars and their local drug dealers to give up their illegal drug business.[2] This led to the formation of The Palmers MC, a Rock Machine MC support club with chapters in Montreal and Quebec City. It was formed to counter Hell’s Angels allies, Rockers MC, Evil Ones and Death Riders MC support clubs. It was led and organized by Rock Machine members Jean “Le Francais” Duquaire and André “Dédé” Désormeaux, who were originally members of the Dark Circle but joined the Rock Machine. These two have all been credited as the grandfathers of the Palmers MC whose members would be patched into the Rock Machine in 2000. The starting point of the conflict is disputed; However, on July 13, 1994, three members of the Rock Machine entered a downtown Montreal store. They murdered Pierre Daoust, a member of a Hells Angel support club, the Death Riders Motorcycle Club. When it turned out they had the right aim, he was shot 16 times in the head and torso.[14]
There was very little coverage of this incident, but many in Montreal’s underground knew the Rock Machine was defending their territory months before Daoust’s death. The members of the alliance (Rock Machine MC, Pelletier Clan, The Dark Circle), as well as other individual drug dealers and street gangs, all met to discuss a united front against the Hells Angels after giving Quebec’s drug community an ultimatum to take them as theirs obligatory suppliers of all contraband and narcotics. This offer was rejected and the alliance was formed; Because of the Hells Angels’ “monopoly attitude,” they had decided to take the initiative and strike first.
A day later, on July 14, 1994, The Rock Machine attempted to assassinate Normand Robitaille, a member of the Hells Angels support club Rockers MC and a future and prominent member of the Hells Angels. The attempt failed and Quebec Police announced that they had arrested five members of the Rock Machine Motorcycle Club for planning to bomb the clubhouse of the Evil Ones MC, also associated with the Hells Angels.
With the current knowledge of events, based on information provided by Sylvain Boulanger, it is known that on July 15, 1994, the Quebec Hells Angels hierarchy held emergency meetings in the city of Longueuil, Quebec. All four Quebec chapters were present at the time (Montreal, Quebec City, Trois-Rivières and Sherbrooke). During this time there was also a meeting in the Hells Angels bunker. All chapters had to vote on whether or not to take part in the conflict against the Rock Machine and their alliance. All four chapters agreed and the club began preparing for the long conflict ahead. The Hells Angels were an international organization and received aid from across the country and internationally, giving them more support than the Rock Machine.[14]
On October 19, 1994, local drug dealer Maurice Lavoie was gunned down in his car and his girlfriend was injured.[15] Lavoie had previously bought his wares from the Rock Machine-affiliated Pelletier clan, but had recently switched to the Hells Angels, and as a result, the Pelletier clan hired a hitman named Patrick Call to kill Lavoie.
On October 28, 1994, Sylvain Pelletier, leader of the Pelletier clan, was killed by the Hells Angels, who threatened to assassinate any drug dealer who did not buy his supplies from them.[15] In the wake of these killings, the Hells Angels and the Rock Machine began an increasingly grueling struggle for control of Montreal’s drug trade, resulting in the deaths of 20 people by the end of 1994.[15]
After Pelletier was killed, Montreal’s independent drug dealers formed the “Alliance to fight the Angels” led by his younger brother Harold Pelletier, whose first act was an assassination attempt on Boucher in November 1994. Another member of the Pelletier clan, Martin Simard bought enough stolen dynamite to fill a truck parked by Alliance member Martin Pellerin near Boucher’s favorite restaurant. The plan was to detonate the explosives remotely when Boucher arrived, killing him and everyone else in the restaurant, but a Montreal parking officer noticed the truck was illegally parked and had it towed, unknowingly foiling the plot.
On June 24, 1995, Boucher formed the Nomads, an elite chapter of the Angels that, unlike the other chapters, had no geographic limitation and would operate throughout Canada. To join the Nomads, applicants had to commit murders, which ensured that no undercover police agents could enter the Nomad chapter. In addition, only the best angels who had proven themselves could join the nomads.
On August 13, 1995, a Jeep wired with a remote-controlled bomb exploded, killing Hells Angels associate Marc Dube and an 11-year-old boy, Daniel Desrochers, who were playing in a nearby schoolyard. An Interpol whistleblower claimed that the plan was created by Boucher and enabled it to recover public credit. A month later, the first member of the full-patch Hells Angels was shot dead while getting into his car at a mall. During his funeral, nine bombs went off across the province, targeting several Hells Angels businesses and properties.[6] This series of violence was linked to Operation Wolverine, a police crackdown on both groups that resulted in the arrests of 130 people.
In October 1995, Harold Pelletier, one of the leaders of the Pelletier clan (member of the Alliance), turned himself in to the Sûreté du Québec and confessed to murdering a drug dealer named Michel Beaulieu on the night of August 7, 1983 with his payments to the Pelletier clan was behind and asked the police to protect him from the angels in exchange for more information about his crimes.
Ultimately, Pelletier confessed to committing 17 murders between 1983 and 1995, but was only convicted of Beaulieu’s murder. Pelletier’s murder of Beaulieu was ruled a second-degree murder, although Beaulieu fell asleep after Pelletier got him drunk before being shot. Because the murder was premeditated, it should have been classified as first-degree murder.
Steinert was the biggest pimp in Montreal, owner of escort service Sensations, whose Montreal office was destroyed in an arson attack by the Rock Machine in August 1996.
In his June 1996 plea deal, Pelletier was sentenced to life in prison with the promise of full parole after 10 years in exchange for sharing everything he knew about the Montreal underworld. The Crown justified the plea deal with Pelletier, since he was guilty of 17 murders, by saying he was a “source of information” about the Montreal underworld. Pelletier’s motives for entering into a plea deal were that the “Alliance against the Angels” was collapsing and members of the Alliance were defecting to the Angels, and he wanted crown protection from the Angels. However, Pelletier violated the terms of his plea deal, under which he promised not to commit any further crimes when he was caught trying to bribe another prisoner to kill a prisoner he disliked in 2002, thereby damaging the crown could withdraw their consent and Pelletier was not released in June 2006 as promised 10 years earlier. Pelletier eventually received full parole in December 2013 after he completed his high school equivalency degree, began attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, and demonstrated his ability to get along with prison staff.[22]
On October 18, 1996, Renaud Jomphe, president of the Rock Machine Montreal chapter, was shot dead. The Rock Machine leader sat with fellow club members Christian Deschenes and Raymond Laureau in an alcove at the back of a Chinese restaurant called Restaurant Kim Hoa on Wellington Street. A man entered the premises and approached the table, fired several shots and fled the back of the building. Jomphe and Deschenes were killed while Laureau was wounded in the shoulder. One of the Paradis brothers, Peter Paradis, would succeed Jomphe as president of the Montreal chapter, taking over much of his business in the Verdun suburb.
In November 1996, the Rock Machine planted a bomb in the old Hells Angels bunker in St. Nicholas and the neighborhood where it was located was rocked by the immense force of the blast. The bunker was heavily damaged.
On March 28, 1997, Rocker member Aimé Simard murdered Rock Machine member Jean-Marc Caissy as he entered a Montreal arena to play hockey with his friends.
In early 1997, Giovanni Cazzetta was released from prison, he returned to the Rock Machine, Claude Vézina willingly resigned and Giovanni was given the position of National President in his brother’s absence. He led the club through the conflict until May 1997. In May, Giovanni was subjected to a police stabbing in which an Alberta man attempted to purchase 15 kilos of cocaine (worth $600,000, the modern equivalent of $1,132,000 when adjusted for inflation). This person turned out to be an informant for the Crown. The mules Frank Bonneville and Donald Waite who delivered the cocaine to the informant were arrested and the narcotics seized by police. Matticks, Bonneville, and Waite pleaded guilty on June 17, 1997 and were sentenced to three, four, and two years, respectively. Claude Vézina would be temporarily reinstated as national president of the Rock Machine. Giovanni tried to fight the charges against him but lost those appeals. He was sentenced to 5 years in prison in April 1998. Maria Cazzetta, Giovanni’s sister, and Suzanne Poudrier received one-year suspended sentences.[11]
On May 19, 1997, prominent Rock Machine member Serge Cyr was arrested and charged with conspiracy along with 13 others, including members of the Rock Machine, the Pelletier clan, and Palmer’s MC, into the murder of Hells Angels President Maurice “Mom “Boucher had planned. In 1994, a stolen van loaded with explosives was discovered outside the Cri-Cri restaurant on St Catherine Street. The restaurant was an establishment where Boucher often ate. Cyr was released soon after on condition that he report to the police once a week, which he never did. Cyr gained a reputation for this, and after the December 2000 arrests he was promoted to president of the Montreal chapter.[25] -published source][26]
On May 21, 1997, Claude Vézina and his corporal Dany “Le Gros” Légaré were both charged with drug trafficking. In order to carry out his arrest, the police had to sneak past guard dogs he had located on his property; they entered his house and arrested him in his bedroom.[27] [self-published source] This was all the result of a covert operation by the Quebec police. A police informant had completed seven narcotics transactions with the two Rock Machine members within a five-month period. The massive raid carried out by the authorities as part of Operation Carcajou led to the seizure of a laboratory where narcotics such as PCP and methamphetamine were manufactured. $1,500,000 worth of various other narcotics, over 716.5 lbs (325 kg) of dynamite along with detonators, seven pistols, two full-auto machine guns, three semi-auto carbines and a pistol suppressor. Following Vézina’s arrest, on September 11, 1997, Frédéric Faucher became the new national president of the Rock Machine, Alain “Red Tomato” Brunette was promoted to president of the Quebec City chapter.
In mid-1997, an incarcerated Hells Angel, Denis Houle, was the victim of an unsuccessful assassination attempt when a member of Rock Machine opened fire on him from across the prison fence. The resulting investigation initially alerted the public to the Dark Circle’s existence, and it was reported that the Hells Angels would pay well for information identifying Dark Circle members. Over the next two years, two Dark Circle members were murdered by the Hells Angels, while a third escaped when the Hells Angels shot the wrong Serge.
As the war turned into a battle of attrition, the Hells Angels began to gain the upper hand as more and more support poured in from across Canada and internationally, but at the same time the Great Nordic Biker War was taking place and the Rock Machine was impressed by the manner how the Scandinavian branches of the Bandidos held their ground against the Scandinavian branches of the Hells Angels.[32] In June 1997, the three leaders of the Rock Machine, Fred Faucher, Johnny Plescio and Robert “Tout Tout” Léger went to Stockholm to seek support from the Swedish branch of the Bandidos, but were expelled by the Swedish police, who stated that they were didn’t want Canadian bikers in their country.[33]
Faucher, who had been president of the Rock Machine Quebec City Chapter prior to his promotion to national president, had garnered considerable attention in underworld circles for blowing up the Hells Angels clubhouse in Quebec City in February 1997 and after becoming the leader of the Rock Machine Claude “Ti-Loup” Vézina was arrested for drug smuggling, he became the new leader of the Rock Machine on September 11, 1997. Faucher decided that the best hope for the Rock Machine was to induct the club into the Bandidos, the second largest outlaw biker club in the world. [citation required]
On August 23, 1998, a team of Rock Machine killers consisting of Frédéric Faucher, Gerald Gallant and Marcel Demers rode by on their motorcycles and gunned down Paolo Cotroni in his driveway. Cotroni was a member of the Calabrian ‘Ndrangheta Cotroni family who were the rivals of the Sicilian mafia Rizzuto family. Cotroni was killed partly to gain the Rizzutos’ favor and partly because he was a friend of Boucher’s.
On September 8, 1998, Johnny Plescio, a founding member of the Rock Machine, was watching television at his home in Laval when his cable was severed. As he got up to see what was going on with his TV, 27 bullets went through Plescios’ living room window, 16 of which hit him. A flower arrangement bearing the word Bandidos appeared at Plescio’s funeral, which was the first sign that the Bandidos Motorcycle Club of Texas was interested in the Rock Machine.
On October 28, 1998, police arrested 25 Rock Machine members and associates while they were having dinner at a downtown hotel restaurant. The men were forced to lie face down on the ground, searched, and then arrested. Richard Lagacé and Denis Belleau were among those arrested, many freed the next day after vowing to keep away from the others arrested by police.
Disaster struck the Dark Circle when one of them, Salvatore Brunnettii, a restaurateur, bar owner, and drug dealer, defected to the Hells Angels and gave them a list of the Dark Circle’s remaining members, basically leading to their breakdown and they left the Rock Machine and fragmented members of the “Alliance” to face the Hells Angels and their support clubs.
By 1999, the Rock Machine MC was seriously attempting to join forces with the Hells Angels’ longtime rivals, the Bandidos Motorcycle Club, as the other factions in the alliance had been devastated and the Rock Machine itself had suffered significant casualties. In May 1999, the Rock Machine Motorcycle Club became a “hang-around” club for the Bandidos.
On April 17, 2000, Normand Hamel, one of the Nomads, was killed trying to flee from Rock Machine assassins in a Laval car park while he and his wife were taking his son to the doctor. He was the oldest member of the Hells Angels to be killed during the conflict. On May 12, 2000, the Angels attempted to kill the two Rock Machine members, Tony Duguay and Denis Boucher, who were suspected of killing Hamel, resulting in a ferocious car accident in which Duguay received gunshot wounds to the arms, right hand and thigh suffered. About forty police officers from the Carcajou Squad searched the Rock Machine chapter in Beauport but found nothing of value, and in June 2000 the Rock Machine Ontario facility began recruiting former members of the Outlaws Motorcycle Club.
In July 2000, Boucher’s plans to start an internet company fell through when Robert “Bob” Savard, the loan shark who charged 52% interest on the loans he made to the desperate and needy, was gunned down at Déjeuners Eggstra! Savard, a restaurant in north Montreal, worked for the Hells Angels for several years and was considered Boucher’s right-hand man.[38] Savard’s dinner companion, Normand Descoteaux, a hockey player-turned-loan shark, was also a target, but he survived by grabbing a waitress, Hélène Brunet, and using her as an involuntary human shield to ensure she took four bullets that were meant for him. 39] Despite the manner in which Brunet received bullets in her arms, legs and shins, Descoteaux was not charged.[3]: 242 The shooter was notorious Canadian hitman Gerald Gallant and an unidentified associate of his. Gallant was employed by Michel Duclos, leader of the Dark Circle, and also frequently carried out assignments for the Rock Machine during the conflict with the Hells Angels,[40] from 1980 to 2003 he was responsible for 28 murders and 13 attempted murders. His most active years were during the Quebec Biker War, where he killed two Hells Angels support club members in 1997 and a third survived an assassination attempt. When he eliminated five men in 1998, including Paul Cotroni Jr., son of deposed crime boss Frank Cotroni, making 1998 his most prominent year as a killer, he also worked sporadically for the Irish-Canadian West End Gang.[41]
During this time, both groups began expanding into Ontario, with both opening several clubhouses. The Rock Machine would open three chapters in Ontario (Toronto, Kingston and Niagara Falls), the Loners had joined the Rock Machine and held a party in Toronto in June 2000 attended by dozens of “machinists” as the Rock Machine are in Outlaw known to biker circles.[14] Also in June 2000 in front of the Hells Angels. Not wanting to lose ground to the provincial Rock Machine, Hells Angels opened its first clubhouse and in 2000 made a limited-time offer to banned motorcycle clubs in Ontario (notably Satan’s Choice and the Para-dice Riders). Es gäbe keine Probezeit für die Mitgliedschaft im Hells Angels Club und alle Mitglieder würden den vollen Patch erhalten. Dies führte dazu, dass 168 Mitglieder der ParaDice Riders, Satan’s Choice, Lobos und Last Chance mit den Angels “patchen”. Über Nacht stiegen die Hells Angels von einem Kapitel in Ontario auf 14, was ihnen einen massiven Vorteil in der Provinz verschaffte. Dies gab den Hells Angels insgesamt 29 Kapitel mit 418 Full-Patch-Mitgliedern in Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta und British Columbia.
Am 6. Dezember 2000 verfolgten und verhafteten 255 Polizeibeamte 16 Mitglieder und Mitarbeiter von Rock Machine wegen Anklage wegen Drogenhandels. Der „Ring“, der von Marcel Demers, dem Leiter des Ortsverbands Beauport, und dem nationalen Präsidenten Fred Faucher des Ortsverbands Quebec City betrieben wird, wurde beschuldigt, monatlich mehr als zwei Kilogramm Kokain verteilt zu haben und jährlich einen Gewinn von fast 5 Millionen US-Dollar (modernes Äquivalent von 8.347.967 US-Dollar) erzielt zu haben ). Alain Brunette wurde in die Position des nationalen Präsidenten befördert, bis er am 1. Dezember 2001 der erste Präsident von Bandidos Canada wurde, Jean-Claude Belanger ersetzte Brunette als Präsident des Kapitels von Quebec City. Robert Léger leitete das Kapitel Beauport bis zu seinem Tod. Ebenfalls im Dezember 2000 wurde die Rock Machine offiziell ein Probeclub der Bandidos, da die Hells Angels angesichts der dadurch verursachten Spaltung mit dem Angebot eines Waffenstillstands, der von der kriminellen Familie Rizzuto vermittelt wurde, an die Allianz herantreten würden, der akzeptiert wurde. Der Waffenstillstand hatte für die Hells Angels einen Hintergedanken, da sie hofften, die Expansion der Bandidos in Kanada, insbesondere in Ontario, zu stoppen. Die Hells Angels würden auch Mitglieder der Rock Machine, die mit dem “Patch-Over” nicht einverstanden waren, davon überzeugen, sich ihnen anzuschließen. Der Waffenstillstand dauerte nur kurze Zeit, bevor die Feindseligkeiten weitergingen.[14]
Im Dezember 2000 traten die meisten Mitglieder der Rock Machine in Ontario den Hells Angels bei. Der nationale Präsident der Hells Angels, Walter Stadnick, bot den Kapiteln der Rock Machine in Kingston und Toronto die Hells Angels-Mitgliedschaft an, während das Londoner Kapitel ausgeschlossen wurde, und sagte, dass die Mitglieder des Londoner Kapitels nicht qualifiziert seien, Hells Angels zu sein. Die meisten Mitglieder der Rock Machine aus Ontario nahmen Stadnicks Angebot an, da man der Meinung war, dass der Bandidos-Patch mit seiner karikaturistischen Zeichnung eines mexikanischen Banditen “albern” sei. Darüber hinaus bot Stadnick die Hells Angels-Mitgliedschaft auf “Patch-for-Patch” -Basis an, sodass die Mitglieder ihre aktuellen Patches gegen gleichwertige Hells Angels eintauschen konnten, während die Bandidos verlangten, dass neue Mitglieder ihren Rang herabsetzten. Paul „Sasquatch“ Porter, ein Gründungsmitglied der Rock Machine und Präsident ihres Kingston-Kapitels, schrieb an die Wand des Clubhauses: „Hallo an alle RMMC, ich wünsche Ihnen das Beste mit Ihren neuen Farben! Tschüss, meine Brüder! ” Porter wurde Präsident der Hells Angels von Ottawa. The fact that the Hells Angels had conspired to kill Porter when he was a member of the Rock Machine did not stop him from defecting.
Regardless of the prior issues, on December 1, 2001. The Rock Machine Motorcycle Club became official members of the Bandidos Canada in a “Patch-Over” ceremony at the Rock Machine’s Kingston chapter club house. The Bandidos Canada inherited seven new chapters(Montreal, Quebec City, Point-Aux-Trembles, Beauport, Toronto, Kingston and Niagara Falls). On March 28 of the same year, a massive investigation by Canadian authorities dubbed Operation Springtime was launched against the Hells Angels. The raids resulted in the arrests of 138 members of the Hells Angels including Maurice Boucher himself and associates connected with the motorcycle club. This brought about a power vacuum in the country’s narcotics market.[14]
The Bandidos Canada were looking to take advantage of this opportunity to regain territory lost and take new territory from the Hells Angels. However a concurrent investigation, Operation Amigo, was underway targeting the Bandidos Canada operations. This operation had initially gone under a different title and was created to target the Rock Machine as a result of the conflict in Quebec. When The Rock Machine patched over to the Bandidos they became the main focus. On June 5, 2002, raids led to the arrests of 62 members of the Bandidos Canada (Rock Machine) including all of its Quebec manpower and many other associates. This put an end to the conflict as it was the first time since the start of the war that both sides had large numbers of men and their respective leaders in custody and facing charges. All in all it is the deadliest recorded biker conflict in history with over 162 dead, over 300 wounded, 100 plus arrested and 20 people missing. It also cost the government of Canada and Quebec millions of dollars in damages[14] with 84 bombings, and 130 cases of arson.[48]
Second incarnation [ edit ]
In 2006, an event known as the Shedden massacre occurred with 8 members of the Bandidos being shot and killed. (it is referred to as the Shedden massacre due to the fact that the bodies were dumped near the Hamlet of Shedden). The Bandidos Canada closed its doors officially in October 2007. A failed attempt to get the club back on its feet by the then released Frank Lenti, lack of support from US and European Bandidos, and the Canadian members’ suspicions about their US counterparts’ involvement in the Shedden murders led to the closure. During this period it was confirmed by the President of the newly formed Rock Machine, that there were still 27 other members of the Bandidos that we’re still active in Canada at the time, none of which were involved in the massacre.[49]
The former Winnipeg chapter of the Bandidos started to call themselves the Rock Machine in early 2008. The vast majority of the new Rock Machine were former members of the Bandidos and there is no connection with the first Rock Machine. The former Bandido chapter in Winnipeg chose the name Rock Machine as a way of enraging the Hells Angels. Langton noted that the website for the new Rock Machine had a section set aside for its dead members, which did not list a single member of the Rock Machine killed in the Quebec biker war, but instead listed the “Shedden 8” victims of the Shedden massacre. Langton wrote “These guys aren’t the Rock Machine. In they have little to do with them”. The current club uses the name and patch of the former Rock Machine, but is otherwise not connected to the first version of the Rock Machine. Most of the Rock Machine’s chapters exist only on the internet, and one policeman told Langton about the seemingly impressive number of chapters on the Rock Machine’s website: “LOL Internet bikers!” In an interview with Langton in 2008, a recruiter for the Rock Machine who did not wished to be named said the gang had opened up chapters in Toronto and Kingston in the spring of 2008. Th recruiter stated that the Ontario members were former Bandidos; from a gang in Woodbridge called The Crew; or never been in a motorcycle gang before.
Typical of the members of the Rock Machine was Ron Burling, described by the journalist Jerry Langton as a man with a shaven head, bushy goatee beard, his entire body covered in tattoos except for his face and described him as a “physically huge man”. Burling’s Facebook profile described him as “a member of the Rock Machine Nomads” and his occupation as “Edmonton Maximum Security Penitentiary General Population”. Burling had been convicted of a brazen kidnapping and assault. On 8 February 2005 as a member of the Bandidos Winnipeg chapter, Burling had smashed through the window of a car to remove a drug dealer named Adam Amundsen from his vehicle. Burling then beat Amundsen for several hours with a baseball bat and his fists to encourage him to pay back a $6,000 dollar drug debt owned to the Bandidos. In addition, Burling used a knife to slice off a tattoo off Amundsen’s body and then finally used a sledgehammer to smash every bone in Amundsen’s index finger and then cut off the tip of his finger. Burling was convicted of assault and kidnapping, and threatened both the judge and the crown attorneys with violence when his appeal was quashed. Burling tried to lift the bench to throw at somebody, but was tasered by the court marshals.
In 2008, members of a gang in Prince George, British Columbia known as the Game Tight Soldiers were told by the Hells Angels to either leave Prince George or start to pay them for the right to work in Prince George. Most of the Game Tight Soldiers led by their president, Steven King, chose to relocate to Winnipeg to join the Rock Machine.
The Rock Machine s Toronto chapter was founded in April 2008 and had recruited around 24 members.[61] The new Rock Machine was initially led by Sean Brown, who reorganized it as the Rock Machine Canada Nomads. The move was also intended as an insult toward the Bandidos US national chapter and Bandidos National President Jeffrey Pike in particular, but gained unexpected momentum. In August 2008, President of the newly founded RMMC Sean “Crazy Dog” Brown, gave an interview with the Ottawa Citizen, he stated the reformed club contains former members of the Bandidos(who were not associated with the RMMC beforehand) and original Rock Machine members. Members who were being released from prison or joined in prison were instrumental in the revival of the club, despite the club’s new rule set revolving around the inclusion of criminals in the organization. The Rock Machine were not willing to exclude former Bandidos or original RMMC members of the club that had been imprisoned. Even though they possessed criminal records, they claimed those joining would no longer be involved in crime(essentially claiming second chance clause). He went on to state that the group “maintains a brotherhood and close association with the Western based Red Power” and the Rock Machine had different mentality and it was not the criminal organization it had been before.[49]
Two members of the Rock Machine Nomads chapter out of Australia, were arrested at the Winnipeg Airport in September 2008, they were in Manitoba on on request of the International Nomads chapter to help set up a chapter in Winnipeg, they were held and extradited back to Australia.[62] The Rock Machine would be established in the province later that year regardless of the setbacks, with the chapter being created by former members of the Winnipeg Bandidos chapter, which would be joined by former members of the Mongols. The entire club would be reinforced by patching over a small Canadian motorcycle club known as “The Crew” MC, which had chapters in Huron County, Ontario and Western Canada.
Regardless the Manitoba Rock Machine would become much more aligned with national leadership during the presidency of Jay “Critical J” Strachan who would become President of the Winnipeg chapter after Ron Burling, he was eventually elected International President of the Rock Machine after Sean Brown was voted out, this was due to his lack of wanting to expanding back into Quebec after their initial setup in Montreal, also the club did not like the soft approach that he was taking towards the Hells Angels, a policy of appeasement. Strachan had a deep respect for both the sacrifice made by the original members of the Rock Machine and the members of the slain No Surrender Crew(Rock Machine dubbed their remembrance patch “No Mercy Crew”). He instituted commemorative patches for both events, which members of the Nomads chapter wore on their jackets. These patches, especially the patch commemorating the Quebec Biker War are still worn by members worldwide in the current day.
The Rock Machine are estimated by authorities to have 300–400 members in the country as of 2022. The club spread across Canada and throughout several other countries worldwide including the United States, Australia, Germany, Russia, Switzerland, Hungary, Belgium, New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, France, South Africa, England, Spain, Georgia, Hong Kong, Kosovo, Kuwait, Armenia, Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines and Turkey. As of 2022, the Rock Machine Motorcycle Club has established over 120 chapters, in 26 countries, on 5 continents since its inception.[5]
The Rock Machine Motorcycle Club has also been responsible for the creation of several support clubs, such as The Palmers MC (1994–2002/now defunct). Founded in Montreal, it was a participant in the Quebec Biker War, the SS Elite Motorcycle Club(2009–Present) a RM created support Club with rules and mentality modelled on the Waffen SS. It has had chapters in Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba and the United States, the Hell Hounds MC(2010–2013), New Bloods MC(2014–Present), Fearless Bandits MC (2015–Present) and Vendettas Motorcycle Club(2009–Present) founded in Manitoba by the RMMC. Over the years it has become an international support club of the Rock Machine with chapters in Canada, Australia and Russia. As support clubs they are tasked with providing security and manpower, support, enforcement and logistics to any Rock Machine MC chapter. The support club reports to the mother chapter in Quebec but is also required to support local chapters across the country/world. For those that complete this task for the duration of the probationary period, they will receive request to become members of the Rock Machine Motorcycle Club. Most of these clubs shared the same colors, due to this the community is called the “Black and Platinum Family”[63]
The current iteration of the Rock Machine MC maintains an enmity towards the Texas-based Bandidos, despite claims in Alex Caine’s book The Fat Mexican that Rock Machine members in 2008 made a secret deal with high-ranking members of the Bandidos national chapter to re-open in Canada, as of 2022 the Bandidos have still not returned to Canadian soil. The Rock Machine claims to be just a motorcycle club. Langton dismissed these claims, arguing that the Rock Machine had recruited Ron Burling into their ranks when he was already in prison serving a 17-year sentence for assault and kidnapping as he maintained that only a criminal organization would recruit a violent criminal such as Burling as a member. In 2021, Detective Scott Wade of the Ontario Provincial Police’s Anti-Biker Enforcement Unit called members of the Rock Machine “violent guys, but they weren’t’ established and organized”.[65]
The Rock Machine stated:
“We believe everybody deserves a second chance,” a representative for the Rock Machine stated. “We won’t throw our members out who are in jail. We don’t abandon our brothers that are in jail.”
Allies [ edit ]
Outlaws Motorcycle Club – The Outlaws motorcycle club had initially given minor support to the Rock Machine during the Quebec Biker War, The Outlaws were also fighting a conflict with the Hell’s Angels during this period. An official alliance would be formed between the resurrected Rock Machine and the Outlaws in Manitoba during 2011.
Gremium Motorcycle Club – During the club’s expansion into Europe, it made an alliance with Gremium MC, one of the largest motorcycle clubs in Germany.
Loners Motorcycle Club – A fellow Canadian-based international motorcycle club, an alliance between the two was established in the 2010s.
Vendettas Motorcycle Club – A RMMC created support club that was founded in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Serves as an international support club for the Rock Machine with chapters in Canada, Australia and Russia.
Manitoba Warriors – A Native-Canadian gang based in the Canada’s prairies, an alliance was formed between the two groups during Rock Machine’s expansion into Western Canada in 2008.
Bandidos(formerly, 1999–2006) – The Rock Machine became a chapter of the Bandidos in mid 1999. After 18 months, they became an official probationary club, all members of the Rock Machine would be patched into the Bandidos on January 6, 2001. They would remain as a single entity until the events of the Shedden Massacre and the subsequent closure of the Bandidos MC Canada. The Rock Machine was reestablished by former Bandidos, Rock Machine(the Bandidos who had survived the 2002 crackdown) and disgruntled members of the Mongols Motorcycle Club.
Rivals [ edit ]
Hells Angels(1986–2002) – The Hells Angels actions during the Lennoxville massacre, directly led to the creation of the Rock Machine Motorcycle Club itself. Despite this, the two clubs existed in relative harmony until the 1994 arrest of Rock Machine President, Salvatore Cazzetta. From 1994 to 2002, the Rock Machine and the Hells Angels would engage in the deadliest motorcycle conflict in history. This cemented their rivalry, there has been several sporadic incidents since then.
Rebels Motorcycle Club – The rivalry between the Rock Machine and the Rebels Motorcycle Club started when the Canadian club expanded into Australia, this saw the beginning of the Rock Machine-Rebels conflict.
Red Devils Motorcycle Club – the Red Devils are the official support club of the Hells Angels, they have had several incidents with the Rock Machine.
Bandidos Motorcycle Club (2011–present) – Tensions between the Bandidos and Rock Machine started in the mid-2000s, with the Shedden Massacre and the dissolution of the Bandidos Canada driving a wedge between the reemerging Rock Machine and their former ally. The rivalry would escalate into conflict in 2011, when the two clubs clashed for control of the German city of Ulm. There has since been several conflicts fought between the two groups in multiple countries.
WolfSSChanze Faction – a splinter faction of the Rock Machine led by Suat Erköse. The faction would change their emblem in 2022.
Meeting with the Pagans [ edit ]
For decades the Pagans Motorcycle Club had looked north to Canada for possibility of expansion. It also found the idea of supporting Hells Angels rivals beneficial. The Rock Machine Motorcycle Club, a Canadian-based international motorcycle club with chapters all over the world, has fought several conflicts with the Hells Angels including the Quebec Biker War, the deadliest motorcycle conflict in history. The Pagans deeply respected these feats and sought to establish a relationship with the Rock Machine. In 2011, dozens of the Pagans traveled to the Canadian province of New Brunswick to meet with the several chapters of the Rock Machine and other locals. At the time New Brunswick was a Canadian province that had little outlaw motorcycle influence. The meeting was to consolidate a friendship and probe the province for expansion.[66] However, in 2018, Pagans member, Andrew “Chef” Glick revealed that the group had abandoned its plans at expansion North, they cited Canada’s anti-biker laws but also a large part of the reason was that Canadian Hells Angels are considered particularly violent members of the outlaw biker – or “one percenter” – community, Glick said in an interview.
“In Canada and Australia, that’s where the heaviest (toughest) one per centers are,” Glick said. “Being a one per center in Canada, I would say is a little more dangerous than being a one per center in the U.S.” New Jersey bikers are tough, but “not near as violent as what I’ve seen and read (about) in Montreal and Toronto.”
[67]Membership [ edit ]
Today the Rock Machine Motorcycle Club’s Mother chapter resides in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. All official chapters follow the rules and regulations set out by the mother chapter. With recent updates and reformats to the club’s official Constitution in 2020, the rules are much more stringent, more relatable to other high-profile biker groups such as the Hells Angels.
Earning membership and rules [ edit ]
Like most other Outlaw motorcycle clubs, members must own and operate a North American or British-made motorcycle with an engine of at least 1000cc, have valid insurance and “sufficient riding skills not to be a danger to themselves or others”. Members must also travel a minimum of 5,000 kilometers per year. All Chapters must follow and support Canada as the Motherland and fulfill all requests sent from Canada. “To earn their full patch membership, (a potential member) must also travel to the Mother Chapter of Quebec.”[68]
In order to become a Rock Machine prospect in Canada rules are particularly strict, candidates must have a valid license, a motorcycle and have the right set of personal qualities. They are not allowed to use social media to post any pictures or make any comments relating to the club, they cannot contact members of any other clubs this must be left to a Full-patch member. Prospects must also leave their “old lady” at home.
After a period of trial a prospective member is first deemed to be a “hang-around”, indicating that the individual is invited to some club events or to meet club members at known gathering places. If the hang-around is interested, he may be asked to become an “associate”, a status that usually lasts a year. At the end of that stage, he is reclassified as “prospect”, participating in some club activities, but not having voting privileges while he is evaluated for suitability as a full member. Ending in highest membership status, is “Full Membership” or “Full-Patch”. Fees are typically around $100 a month, except for prisoners, whose fees are not charged.[69]
Past members [ edit ]
Well-known former members of the Rock Machine included Salvatore Cazzetta, Giovanni Cazzetta, Claude Vézina, Paul Porter, Andrew Sauvageau, Marcel Demers, Richard “Bam-Bam” Lagacé (deceased), Johnny Plescio (deceased), Tony Plescio (deceased), Renaud Jomphe former president of the Montreal chapter (deceased), Martin Bourget, Serge Pinel, Frédéric Faucher, Alain Brunette, who would become the first National President of the Canadian Bandidos in 2001 and Peter Paradis, who later testified for the Crown at the trials of other members, in the club’s 15 years of existence he would be its first member to turn crown’s evidence.
The Rock Machine was merged with the Bandidos Motorcycle Club on January 6, 2001, in a patch-over ceremony located at the Rock Machine’s Kingston chapter clubhouse. It was overseen by high-ranking Bandidos member Edward Winterhalder.[4] They remained Bandidos for seven years. Around ten Rock Machine members at the time joined their former arch-enemy, the Hells Angels, due to the Bandidos refusal to grant full members status to “Full-Patch” members of the Rock Machine forcing them to become probationary members of the Bandidos and take a reduction in ranking, this angered some members along with abandoning the Rock machine namesake for a Texas-based entity, it was felt by some that the Bandidos patch with its cartoonish drawing of a Mexican bandit was “silly”. Furthermore, Stadnick offered Hells Angels membership on a “patch-for-patch” basis, allowing members to trade their current patches for equivalent Hells Angels. Many Rock Machine had gained respect from the Hells Angels that they had faced during the conflict and saw them as a better alternative.
Notable members who defected to the Angels included original members Paul Porter and Andrew Sauvageau. “Full-Patch” members Gilles Lambert, Nelson Fernandes, Bruce Doran(who founded the Kingston chapter) and Fred Faucher’s brother Jean Judes Faucher. Fernandes would die of cancer within months of becoming a Hells Angel. Upon his release, club founder Salvatore Cazzetta joined Hells Angels in 2005, as the Rock Machine had merged with the Bandidos and was no longer active at the time.[page needed]
Jean Paul Beaumont, a Sargent at Arms for the Rock Machine Winnipeg chapter was tragically killed in 2012.[71]
Issues [ edit ]
Some of the current issues that the club faces, is an inconsistency in official International and National leadership, an individual out of Germany by the name of Suat Erköse, a former police officer and former member of the Bandidos Motorcycle Club(who had attempted to assassinate him in 2011), claimed to be the Rock Machine Motorcycle Club World President without any permission or vote from the Mother chapter. He was apparently given permission by Jean F. Emard, a man who claimed that he left the motorcycle club in 2015, and never received a status beyond Prospect officially. Emard has been mentioned several times by news agencies to be the leader of the Rock Machine, but he is not recognized by its official leadership as a legitimate member(in recent years Canadian authorities have admitted they believe that he isn’t even a legitimate leader of the group, “regardless of what the press might use for the headlines”, and possibly “could have even been a distraction”). Suat, the self-proclaimed World president, has also been accused by the Rock Machine World community of selling club merchandise online and profiting from it. Michael Green a spokesperson for TBM Nation said[72]
“Rock Machine MC will ALWAYS and FOREVER be on Canadian soil and Mother Country and Mother Chapter will always and forever be in CANADA. Rock Machine MC was built by Canadians and the real and true World President today is Cory ‘Tewltime’ Coates. Suat Erköse is NOT the World President for the Rock Machine MC – he got his “leadership” through Jean Emard, who also is one big fake RMMC, that’s the true facts. I have made this post in respect of all our real and true Canadian Rock Machine MC Brothers to show them the RESPECT they all deserve, and to all the fallen Canadian Rock Machine MC Brother’s who gave their lives to keep the eagle flying. NO ONE outside Canada can and will not ever be World President of the Rock Machine MC – Only a Canadian can and will be the TRUE and, REAL World President of the Rock Machine MC.”
in 2020 the Mother Chapter released an official statement denouncing the fraudulent world president and any chapters that follow his lead, but also said that they would be more than willing to unify and consolidate with all chapters of the Rock Machine MC as long as they are willing to follow the Mother chapters rules and regulations. Just recently having had an election, a representative stated “We are now under one governing body, with an elected National President. We will not fail.”[73]
Rock Machine Motorcycle Club Mother chapter statement:
“Although we do not follow, or recognize, Suat as our world leader, we will be open to communication with all Rock Machine Chapters around the world. Public bashing, via social media or any other form of public communication, of any Rock Machine Member will cease in Canada. Membership in Canada will only be granted by Canadian Members to those who have followed proper protocol to receive their membership. As Canada is the Mother Country, we will also grant membership to other countries who have committed to follow the Rock Machine Canada Constitution. We were founded in Canada. Quebec was and will always be the Mother Chapter. We are brothers from many different backgrounds, united under the Eagle by our beliefs. We govern as brothers under a true democracy. We are a true brotherhood. Rock Machine Canada is united. We will stand tall; we will stand proud. We will stand until the end of time. Much respect to all brothers for their hard work, dedication to our club, and courage to rebuild the greatest club on earth.”
In 2022, Suat’s Rock Machine faction changed the club’s official emblem and created a new three-piece patch with no association to the rest of the club, while still denouncing the rest of the official Rock Machine club. His website was subsequently taken offline as well as the fake Rock Machine’s Facebook page.[74]
Chapters worldwide [ edit ]
Rock Machine World map
The club has more than 90 active chapters worldwide.[75][76]
Canada (18) [ edit ]
World-wide/Country-wide RMMC International Nomads RMMC Nomads Canada RMMC Militia Nomads Chapter
Alberta Edmonton Calgary Medicine Hat Lethbridge
British Columbia Vancouver
New Brunswick St. John
Nova Scotia (Formerly Prospective)
Ontario Windsor Kawartha Huron County Peterborough (Formerly Prospective)
Quebec Montreal (Original Mother chapter) Sherbrooke (Current Mother chapter) Quebec City Trois-Rivières Gatineau (Formerly Prospective)
Manitoba Winnipeg
Saskatchewan Regina
International (6) [ edit ]
RMMC International Nomads(based in Canada) – Estimated to be over 100 world-wide
RMMC Militia Nomads(based in Canada) – Estimated to be 100+ world-wide
RMMC Infantry Nomads
RMMC Death Squad Chapter(based in Lippstadt, Germany)
RMMC Empire Nomads Chapter
RMMC Viking Nomads Chapter
RMMC European Nomads Chapter (Frozen)
Other chapters (72) [ edit ]
Australia (11) Perth South Perth Melbourne (Badlands) Clayton South Sydney (NSW chapter) Sydney West (Rock City) Tasmania Queensland Gold Coast Adelaide Nomads Australia
Armenia (1) Yerevan
Belgium (2) RMMC Belgium Chapter Nomads Belgium
France (2) RMMC France Chapter (Paris) Mozell
Germany (10) Germany Central (Ulm) Hessen Rock Bad City Chapter Southend(Freiburg) Munich Nomads Germany Germany Southwest (Freiburg, RMMC Blue) Farben (RMMC Blue) RMMC Blue Nomads WolfSSChanze Chapter (OIB) Ruhrpott (Frozen)
Great Britain (2) RMMC England Chapter (London area) Nomads Great Britain
Georgia (2) Tbilisi (Russian RMMC Chapter) Tbilisi (Georgian RMMC Chapter)
Hungary (1) Budapest
Hong Kong (1) Hong Kong City
Indonesia (1) Bali
Kosovo (1) RMMC Kosovo Chapter
Kuwait (1) RMMC Nomads Kuwait
New Zealand (2) Christchurch Nomads New Zealand
New Caledonia (1) RMMC South Pacific chapter (Numea)
Norway (4) Emmen Sapmi Oslo Nomads Norway Jessheim (Frozen)
Philippines (1) RMMC Nomads Philippines
Romania (1) RMMC Nomads Romania
Russia (5) Moscow Kazan St. Petersburg Vladivostok Nomads Russia
Serbia (2) RMMC Serbia chapter Nomads Serbia
South Africa (1) RMMC South Africa chapter (Cape Town)
Spain (2) Gerona Nomads Spain
Sweden (5) East Gothia Scaniae Klippan Perstorp Nomads Sweden
Switzerland (1) Nomads Switzerland
Thailand (2) RMMC Thailand chapter (Bangkok) Nomads Thailand
Turkey (1) RMMC Nomads Turkey
United States (12) Connecticut Florida (Miami) Idaho Missouri Oklahoma Northern Carolina Southern Carolina Virginia New York Pennsylvania Arizona Nomads USA Illinois (Frozen) Las Vegas (Frozen) New Hampshire (Prospective)
Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City (Frozen)
[75][77]Original or Frozen chapters [ edit ]
Canada
Ontario Toronto (Original Rock Machine chapter) Kingston (Original Rock Machine chapter) Niagara Falls (Original Rock Machine chapter) Ottawa (Frozen, first chapter of the revived Rock Machine established in late 2007) Toronto(2nd) (Frozen, reestablished in 2008) Quinte (Frozen) Hawkesbury (Frozen) Casselman (Frozen)
Quebec Montreal (Original Mother chapter, reestablished in 2008) Quebec City (Original Rock Machine chapter, reestablished in the 2010s) Point-Aux-Trembles (Original Rock Machine chapter) Beauport (Original Rock Machine chapter) Gosford (Frozen) 13th Legion chapter(Frozen) Gaspé (Frozen) Farnham (Frozen) RMMC Black & White Faction chapter (dissolved 2022)
New Brunswick Moncton (Frozen)
Manitoba Brandon (Frozen) Thompson (Frozen)
[75][76][citation needed]Criminal allegations and incidents [ edit ]
Since its rebirth, the Rock Machine maintains that it is a group of motorcycle enthusiasts and claim that it now dismisses members who are involved in known crimes or criminal activity. Any members that do commit crimes, do so without the club’s permission.[5] Many law enforcement agencies and journalists criticize these claims. For an in-depth list on allegations and incidents please see Rock Machine MC criminal allegations and incidents.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Marguerite Monnot
musical artist
Marguerite Monnot (May 28, 1903 – October 12, 1961) was a French songwriter and composer, best known for performing many of the songs performed by Édith Piaf (“Milord”, “Hymne à l’amour”) and for the Having written music on stage Musical Irma La Douce.
As a successful composer
As a composer of popular music in the first half of the 20th century, Monnot was a pioneer in her field. Classically trained by her father and at the Paris Conservatoire (her teachers included Nadia Boulanger, Vincent d’Indy and Alfred Cortot), Monnot made the unusual switch to composing popular music after her ill health ended her career as a concert pianist at the age of eighteen years had ended . Shortly after writing her first commercially successful song “L’Étranger” in 1935, she met Édith Piaf and by 1940 they became the first female songwriting team in France and remained friends and collaborators for most of their lives.
Monnot collaborated with lyricists such as Raymond Asso, Henri Contet and Georges Moustaki, and collaborated with musicians and writers including Charles Aznavour, Yves Montand, Boris Vian and Marlene Dietrich, who regularly gathered in Piaf’s living room to play and sing. In 1955 she achieved great success with her setting of Alexandre Breffort’s book Irma la Douce, translated into English and directed by Peter Brook, which had a long run in London and Broadway.
Early years[edit]
Marguerite Monnot was born in Decize, Nièvre, a small town on the Loire. Her father, Gabriel Monnot, who lost his sight at the age of three, was a musician and composer of religious music. He was organist at the Saint-Aré church in Decize and gave piano and harmonium lessons. Monnot’s mother, Marie, also taught music and was a teacher of French literature and a writer. Each evening, students and friends would gather at their home to play and sing, and the Monnots would sometimes invite well-known musicians to join them. So Marguerite grew up in an atmosphere of music. She rarely attended school: her mother tutored her at home, her father took music lessons, and she practiced the piano several hours a day.
At the age of three she composed her first little song “Bluette”. At the age of three and a half, she accompanied a singer at a Paris performance of a Mozart berceuse and received a stuffed cat as compensation. In 1911 she played Liszt, Chopin and Mozart at the Salle des Agriculteurs in Paris and received her first press reviews. From the age of twelve to fifteen she performed in various cities, including Paris, where Camille Saint-Saëns is said to have said of her: “I just heard the best pianist in the world.” At fifteen she went to university sent to Paris. She took lessons in harmony and fugue from Vincent d’Indy, studied piano with Alfred Cortot and studied harmony with Nadia Boulanger. The latter helped her prepare for the Prix de Rome, although it is unclear whether she actually formally entered the competition, and taught her some compositional techniques. At sixteen she was touring the capitals of Europe, accompanying dancer Vincente Escuderro in Madrid. There she became very interested in Spanish folklore. She was offered the opportunity to become an official musician at the Spanish royal court, but her parents sent her back to Paris to continue her studies instead.
Her concert career was cut short in 1921, on the eve of a US tour, by an attack of illness and what the French call “le trac” or a nervous attack. Her reserve and stage fright would accompany her throughout her career as a composer. She became desperately shy when she had to show Piaf a new song despite years of collaboration. Almost everyone who knew Monnot and later wrote about her has drawn attention to her shyness and absent-mindedness.
Her second calling, songwriting, was initially just a pastime. In the early 1920s she was a fan of popular music on the radio, including jazz and dance music, and began writing songs after a family friend encouraged her to write a waltz for a film based on a play by Tristan Bernard . This song, written with Bernard in 1931, was titled “Ah! les mots d’amour!” and sung by Jane Marny. The lyricist Marc Hély then asked her to compose the music for “Viens dans mes bras”, sung by Lucienne Boyer and published by Salabert. Her talent was quickly recognized and she was encouraged to continue. She persevered and in 1935 the song “L’Étranger” was born of her collaboration with journalist/lyricist Robert Malleron and accordionist/composer Robert Juel, who co-wrote the music. The song was awarded the Grand Prix de l’Académie Charles Cros that year.
The Piaf years[ edit ]
“L’Étranger” played a key role in Monnot’s first encounter with Édith Piaf in 1936. Annette Lajon had originally sung the song, and Piaf wished to purchase the rights to perform it. However, publisher Maurice Decruck turned down her request because a singer had exclusive rights to a song for six months. So Piaf memorized it and sang it at Le Gerny’s, the nightclub where she was performing at the time. When Annette Lajon appeared in the audience at Gerny’s one evening, Piaf is said to have apologized to her for having “stolen” her song. Lajon apparently accepted the apology graciously and introduced Piaf to his composer Marguerite Monnot, who had accompanied her to the nightclub.
That same year, Monnot met lyricist Raymond Asso, with whom she would work for many years. A former Foreign Legionnaire, he cut a romantic and exotic figure in his cloak and boots. The first of Assos songs for which Monnot wrote the music was “Mon légionnaire”, which would become an international standard and was published in seven languages. This song, along with another inspired by the same colonial theme, “Le fanion de la Légion”, written in 1938, established Monnot and Asso as a successful songwriting team. This was the time of songs like “Morocco coeurs brulées” and Jean Gabin’s films with soldiers in North Africa. A few years later, during a trip to Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria, Monnot and Asso were awarded Orders of the Foreign Legion.
Monnot and Piaf became close friends and began collaborating on songs in the early 1940s. Many of these would become part of Piaf’s repertoire for years to come. The two women were certainly the first successful female songwriting team of the era. Her songs were not only performed by Piaf, but also by many of the most famous singers of the time, including Damia, Mona Goya and Line Viala. Among them the songs from the film Montmartre-sur-Seine (“Tu es partout”, “Un coin tout bleu”, “Y’en a un de trop”, “Où sont-ils mes petits copains?”), “Mon amour vient de finir” (Damia) and “C’était un jour de fête”. Monnot devoted the next twenty-five years almost entirely to writing hugely successful songs for Piaf.
Monnot’s friendship was extremely important in Piaf’s life. In her biography, Piaf calls Monnot her best friend and the woman she most admires around the world. She also points to her pride at having worked with Monnot. Piaf paid tribute to Monnot for sparking her interest in classical music and learning to play the piano. During the war years of 1939-45, Monnot collaborated with Henri Contet and wrote songs such as “Y’a pas de printemps”, “Histoire de coeur”, “Le ciel est fermé” and “Le brun et le blond”. . They also worked together on the songs for the film Etoile sans lumière, for Piaf and “Ma môme, ma p’tite môme [or gosse]” for Yves Montand.
In those years, Piaf rehearsed some of Monnot’s songs that were never recorded, including “Le chant du monde” (lyrics by Asso), “Mon amour vient de finir”, “Les rues du monde” and “Le diable est près de” . moi” (lyrics by Piaf) and “L’hôtel d’en face” (lyrics by Gine Money). This was also the period when, as mentioned above, Piaf recorded a number of songs that were never released, such as z More).
During Piaf’s tour of the Stalags in Germany during the war, one of Monnot Asso’s famous songs, “Le fanion de la Légion”, was banned for inciting such patriotic fervor among Parisian audiences. Meanwhile, Monnot remained in Paris, making occasional trips to Decize to see her mother (her father had died in 1939) and to bring provisions from the country to Paris.
On July 11, 1950, Monnot married singer Étienne Giannesini, whose stage name was Paul Péri. The couple had no children. They reportedly made many trips to Decize to visit Monnot’s mother, and Monnot wrote songs for Péri, including the music for a detective film, Les Pépées font la loi, in which Péri starred in 1954.
During the 1950s, Monnot also worked with some new lyricists, including Michel Emer, Luiguy, Norbert Glanzberg, Philippe-Gérard, Florence Véran and Hubert Giraud, as well as with Robert Chauvigny’s orchestra. She continued to write for Piaf with another songwriter, René Rouzaud, who had already composed for Damia, Georges Guétary and Lys Gauty. They wrote the popular “La goualante du pauvre Jean” (“The Song/Lament of Poor John”), which was translated as “The Poor People of Paris” due to a confusion between “pauvre Jean” and “pauvre gens” and the first French song was number one on the American and British charts.
Irma La Douce and Beyond[edit]
Irma La Douce was the first French musical since Offenbach’s operettas to enjoy worldwide success. It opened on November 12, 1956 at the Théâtre Gramont in Paris, where it ran for four years. The book and the lyrics are by Alexandre Breffort; Directed by René Dupuy with Colette Renard and Miche Roux. A year and a half after the Paris run began, the show opened in London. Directed by Peter Brook and starring Elizabeth Seal and Keith Michell. Eventually, the English-speaking Irma became even more popular than the original French. The musical opened at the Lyric Theater in London’s West End on July 17, 1958, where it ran for 1,512 performances. The show opened in New York on September 29, 1960 on Broadway at the Plymouth Theater and ran for 524 performances.
It had the unprecedented distinction of playing simultaneously in France, UK, USA, Canada, South Africa, Australia, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Brazil and Argentina. Recorded under the Sony label, it starred Elizabeth Seal and Keith Michell, both of whom were part of the London cast. In 1963, the film version was directed by Billy Wilder (with some of Monnot’s music as a background) and starred Shirley MacLaine and Jack Lemmon. The film definitely suffered from failing to include the original songs.
Shortly after the success of Irma, Disney Studios reportedly asked Monnot to come to Hollywood and compose for American films, but she refused to give up her steady life in France. From then on, her career in film music was relatively limited. She worked regularly with Marcel Blistène, including writing a few songs for the 1959 film Les amants de demain. (She had previously worked with him on the 1946 film Etoile sans lumière.) She composed other songs for Péri, a singer of “realistic” songs like “Encore un verre” and “Ma rue et moi” that are almost forgotten. She also composed the music for Méphisto and Le sentier de la guerre written by Claude Nougaro.
In general, Monnot had difficulty detaching himself from Piaf’s world and composing for others. Although their songs were also sung by such well-known singers as Damia, Josephine Baker, Suzy Solidor and Yves Montand, success was few and far between. “Ma môme, ma p’tite môme [or gosse]” (sung by Damia and Yves Montand) and the songs from “Irma” were the exception. However, in the 1950s she wrote two fairly successful songs with female lyricists. She worked with Claude Délècluse and Michelle Senlis on C’est à Hamburg (1955), an even better song called Les amants d’un jour (1956), and then Comme moi (1957).
These songs were a synthesis between the early years of the Monnot-Piaf collaboration and the post-war song, between the time of the legionnaires and the end of the colonial dream. In 1957, in Piaf’s apartment, Monnot met the poet Michel Rivgauche, with whom she was to write Salle d’attente, Fais comme si, Tant qu’il y aura des jours and Lesblusen blanches. In 1959 Edith Piaf recorded Milord, which became a huge international hit and one of Monnot’s biggest hits.
As many of Piaf’s biographers report, the singer’s friendship with Monnot suffered a severe setback, if not a deathblow, after Piaf met composer Charles Dumont in the late 1950s. Dumont composed one of Piaf’s greatest signature tunes, “Je ne forgette rien”, after which Piaf took 11 of Monnot’s songs from her repertoire for her forthcoming performance at the Olympia, to make room for more Dumont songs.
In the last year of her life, in 1961, Monnot developed symptoms of appendicitis. She seems to have had a premonition that her illness was life-threatening, yet she failed to heed the doctor’s advice and undergo the surgery she needed. Her deep sadness in the last months of her life is revealed in the following excerpt from a letter to her friend Madame Niaudet: “It means nothing to grow old if you are always surrounded by your loved ones. But how awful it is getting old being alone most of the time. I have an enormous need for rest, especially mentally and emotionally. How awful it is to have been born sensitive! Will I soon find the rest I so desperately need? There are times when I just despair. Alone in my room, the radio! All those tones! All these minutes, at the end of which there is death and before the final end, the death of the heart, of love life. It’s terrible, this emptiness inside me.”
On October 12, 1961, Marguerite Monnot died at the age of 58 in a Paris hospital from a ruptured appendix and the resulting peritonitis. She was buried with her father and mother in her hometown cemetery. Her death shook Piaf – who she used to call “La Guite” – as well as Monnot’s many friends and colleagues, who paid fervent tributes to her and her music. In 1963, the city of Decize renamed the street where she had lived (rue des Écoles) to “rue Marguerite Monnot”. It also unveiled a plaque on the facade of her birthplace. In 1989 the kindergarten in the city center was named after her. In 1991, on the 30th anniversary of her death, a mass, concert and exhibition were held in Decize to commemorate her. But her true monument is found in her oeuvre: the beautiful songs she wrote.
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